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Table 1 Univariate analysis of baseline characteristics by smartphone ownership among individuals receiving treatment for tuberculosis in San Diego, San Francisco, and New York City, 2015-2016a

From: Requiring smartphone ownership for mHealth interventions: who could be left out?

 

Owns a smartphone?

 

Variable

Total

No

Yes

Odds Ratio (95% CI)b

p-valuec

Study Site, n (%)

    

0.479

 San Diego

54 (35.8%)

14 (30.4%)

40 (38.1%)

1.0

 

 San Francisco

49 (32.5%)

18 (39.1%)

31 (29.5%)

1.66 (0.72, 3.85)

 

 New York City

48 (31.8%)

14 (30.4%)

34 (32.4%)

1.18 (0.49, 2.81)

 

Age (yrs), mean (SD)

40.7 (16.0)

52.3 (16.7)

35.6 (12.8)

1.08 (1.05, 1.11)

< 0.001

Sex

    

0.081

 Female

62 (41.1%)

14 (30.4%)

48 (45.7%)

1.0

 

 Male

89 (58.9%)

32 (69.6%)

57 (54.3%)

1.93 (0.92, 4.02)

 

Education, n (%)

    

< 0.001

> High school

62 (41.6%)

9 (19.6%)

53 (51.5%)

1.0

 

High school or less

87 (58.4%)

37 (80.4%)

50 (48.5%)

4.35 (1.92, 10.0)

 

Country of Birth, n (%)

    

0.780

 United States

35 (23.2%)

11 (23.9%)

24 (22.9%)

1.0

 

 Mexico

19 (12.6%)

7 (15.2%)

12 (11.4%)

1.27 (0.39, 4.12)

 

 Other

97 (64.2%)

28 (60.9%)

69 (65.7%)

0.89 (0.38, 2.05)

 

Race, n (%)

    

0.388

 African American/Black

20 (13.2%)

6 (13.0%)

14 (13.3%)

1.0

 

 Caucasian/White

10 (6.6%)

3 (6.5%)

7 (6.7%)

1.0 (0.19, 5.24)

 

 Latino

45 (29.8%)

13 (28.3%)

32 (30.5%)

0.95 (0.30, 3.00)

 

 Asian

68 (45.0%)

19 (41.3%)

49 (46.7%)

0.91 (0.30, 2.70)

 

 Otherd

8 (5.3%)

5 (10.9%)

3 (2.9%)

3.89 (0.70, 21.7

 

Annual income, n (%)

    

0.021

  > =$10,000

71 (50.4%)

16 (36.4%)

55 (56.7%)

1.0

 

  < $10,000

70 (49.6%)

28 (63.6%)

42 (43.3%)

2.29 (1.10, 4.77)

 

Has health insurance, n (%)

    

0.276

 No

31 (20.7%)

12 (26.1%)

19 (18.3%)

1.0

 

 Yes

119 (79.3%)

34 (73.9%)

85 (81.7%)

0.63 (0.28, 1.45)

 

Where did participant live at time of study?, n (%)

    

0.365

 Own home or apartment

94 (62.3%)

25 (54.3%)

69 (65.7%)

1.0

 

 Other person’s home or apartment

50 (33.1%)

19 (41.3%)

31 (29.5%)

1.69 (0.81, 3.52)

 

 Othere

7 (4.6%)

2 (4.3%)

5 (4.8%)

1.10 (0.20, 6.06)

 

Hours worked per week, mean (SD)

23.3 (20.6)

16.8 (19.3)

25.9 (20.7)

0.98 (0.96, 0.996)

0.030

TB risk factors, n (%)

     

Ever a cigarette smoker

    

0.357

 No

84 (55.6%)

23 (50.0%)

61 (58.1%)

1.0

 

 Yes

67 (44.4%)

23 (50.0%)

44 (41.9%)

1.39 (0.69, 2.78)

 

Smoked marijuana in past 6 months

    

0.379

 No

139 (92.1%)

41 (89.1%)

98 (93.1%)

1.0

 

 Yes

12 (7.9%)

5 (10.9%)

7 (6.7%)

1.70 (0.51, 5.74)

 

Ever injected drugs

    

0.546

 No

149 (98.7%)

45 (97.8%)

104 (99.0%)

1.0

 

 Yes

2 (1.3%)

1 (2.2%)

1 (1.0%)

2.31 (0.14, 37.77)

 

Ever incarcerated

    

0.659

 No

140 (92.7%)

42 (91.3%)

98 (93.3%)

1.0

 

 Yes

11 (7.3%)

4 (8.7%)

7 (6.7%)

1.33 (0.37, 4.80)

 

Used alcohol < 1 time per month in the past 6 months

    

0.458

 No

108 (72.0%)

35 (76.1%)

73 (70.2%)

1.0

 

 Yes

42 (28.0%)

11 (23.9%)

31 (29.8%)

0.74 (0.33, 1.64)

 
  1. aAbbreviations: VDOT, video directly observed therapy; DOT, directly observed therapy; TB, tuberculosis.
  2. bOdds ratios and confidence intervals were computed using simple logistic regression analysis.
  3. cP-values are based on Chi-square tests, Fisher’s Exact test, or Wilcoxon test and examine overall significance of differences between smartphone ownership within the groups.
  4. dOther includes: Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Alaskan Native, American Indian, or Mixed.
  5. eOther includes: Hotel or rooming house, shelter, welfare, boarding home