Table 1 Characteristics of the samples
From: Educational inequalities in health after work exit: the role of work characteristics
Low Education | Intermediate Education | High Education | Total | % missing before MIa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 275 (49.5) | 131 (23.6) | 149 (26.9) | 555 | 6.0 |
Denmark | 370 (19.1) | 950 (49.0) | 618 (31.9) | 1938 | 4.7 |
England | 338 (24.3) | 724 (52.0) | 329 (23.7) | 1391 | 17.0 |
Germany | 84 (15.6) | 201 (37.4) | 253 (47.0) | 538 | 20.4 |
Finland | 1608 (31.1) | 3250 (62.7) | 320 (6.2) | 5178 | 21.1 |
Male (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 52.4 | 55.7 | 65.1 | 56.6 | 0.0 |
Denmark | 38.4 | 50.0 | 43.2 | 45.8 | 0.0 |
England | 53.8 | 56.4 | 67.4 | 58.5 | 0.0 |
Germany | 35.7 | 50.3 | 54.9 | 50.2 | 0.0 |
Finland | 62.6 | 33.4 | 49.7 | 43.5 | 0.0 |
Age at work exit, mean (SD) | |||||
The Netherlands | 61.8 (2.5) | 61.9 (2.6) | 62.1 (2.3) | 61.9 (2.5) | 0.0 |
Denmark | 60.5 (2.4) | 61.0 (2.2) | 61.4 (2.2) | 61.0 (2.3) | 0.0 |
England | 60.1 (3.3) | 59.8 (3.4) | 59.6 (3.0) | 59.8 (3.3) | 0.0 |
Germany | 58.9 (5.1) | 60.2 (4.4) | 61.2 (4.1) | 60.5 (4.4) | 0.0 |
Finland | 58.5 (3.0) | 58.4 (2.7) | 60.6 (2.3) | 58.6 (2.9) | 0.0 |
High physical demands at T0 (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 59.1 | 49.3 | 25.5 | 47.8 | 5.8 |
Denmark | 43.8 | 37.2 | 16.8 | 32.0 | 0.8 |
England | 79.1 | 62.0 | 46.9 | 62.3 | 16.4 |
Germany | 51.2 | 47.3 | 46.6 | 47.6 | 18.4 |
Finland | 59.4 | 40.8 | 20.7 | 45.2 | 17.4 |
High psychosocial demands at T0 (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 14.8 | 36.0 | 81.7 | 37.8 | 5.8 |
Denmark | 55.7 | 60.3 | 65.7 | 61.1 | 3.6 |
England | 48.3 | 57.2 | 68.9 | 58.0 | 15.7 |
Germany | 58.3 | 63.2 | 79.8 | 70.3 | 6.9 |
Finland | 19.7 | 47.2 | 76.3 | 41.0 | 17.9 |
High variation in tasks at T0 (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 5.8 | 27.2 | 73.9 | 29.2 | 5.8 |
Denmark | 63.2 | 74.7 | 88.9 | 77.0 | 0.1 |
England | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Germany | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Finland | 31.8 | 51.5 | 56.6 | 46.0 | 20.0 |
High autonomy at T0 (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 31.7 | 39.7 | 42.8 | 36.5 | 5.8 |
Denmark | 41.6 | 43.1 | 47.9 | 44.3 | 0.0 |
England | 55.4 | 60.6 | 69.4 | 61.6 | 15.5 |
Germany | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Finland | 18.4 | 42.8 | 69.6 | 37.3 | 18.1 |
Type of exit (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 0.0 | ||||
Regular retirement | 19.6 | 25.2 | 18.1 | 20.5 | |
Early retirement | 39.3 | 38.2 | 45.6 | 40.7 | |
Disability | 9.8 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 8.8 | |
Unemployment | 5.8 | 9.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | |
Other | 25.5 | 19.8 | 20.1 | 22.7 | |
Denmark | 0.0 | ||||
Regular retirement | 7.3 | 6.8 | 11.8 | 8.5 | |
Early retirement | 66.5 | 72.0 | 74.3 | 71.7 | |
Unemployment | 26.2 | 21.2 | 13.9 | 19.8 | |
England | 0.0 | ||||
(Early) retirement | 70.3 | 73.3 | 84.9 | 75.5 | |
Disability | 9.3 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 5.2 | |
Unemployment | 12.2 | 11.2 | 6.5 | 10.3 | |
Homemaker | 8.2 | 10.3 | 7.2 | 9.0 | |
ȀGermany | 0.0 | ||||
Regular Retirement | 35.7 | 51.7 | 60.9 | 53.5 | |
Early retirement | 19.1 | 17.9 | 19.0 | 18.6 | |
Unemployment | 17.9 | 13.9 | 8.3 | 11.9 | |
Other | 27.4 | 16.4 | 11.9 | 16.0 | |
Finland | 0.0 | ||||
Regular Retirement | 41.6 | 59.1 | 60.9 | 53.7 | |
Disability | 50.2 | 35.4 | 28.8 | 39.6 | |
Other | 8.2 | 5.5 | 10.3 | 6.7 | |
Number of working hours per week at T0 (%) | |||||
The Netherlands | 1.8 | ||||
1–15 | 26.1 | 21.1 | 20.8 | 23.5 | |
16–31 | 26.5 | 20.3 | 33.6 | 27.0 | |
32–40 | 38.1 | 40.6 | 40.3 | 39.3 | |
≥ 41 | 9.3 | 18.0 | 5.4 | 10.3 | |
Denmark | 0.3 | ||||
1–28 | 16.7 | 13.9 | 14.1 | 14.5 | |
29–36 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.2 | |
37 | 51.1 | 55.8 | 47.2 | 52.2 | |
≥ 38 | 14.1 | 12.1 | 20.4 | 15.1 | |
England | 3.8 | ||||
1–15 | 14.6 | 9.4 | 13.0 | 11.6 | |
16–31 | 27.7 | 28.8 | 21.5 | 26.7 | |
32–40 | 37.3 | 40.7 | 37.3 | 39.0 | |
≥ 40 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 28.1 | 22.7 | |
Germany | 7.2 | ||||
1–29 | 42.9 | 30.4 | 24.9 | 29.7 | |
30–39 | 19.1 | 20.9 | 13.4 | 17.1 | |
40–44 | 28.6 | 28.7 | 34.0 | 31.2 | |
≥ 45 | 9.5 | 19.9 | 27.7 | 21.9 | |
Finland | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Self-rated health after work exit, (mean (SD)) | |||||
The Netherlands | |||||
T1 (0–3 years after exit) | 3.9 (0.8) n = 275 | 3.8 (0.8) n = 131 | 4.1 (0.8) n = 149 | 3.9 (0.8) | |
T2 (3–6 years after exit) | 3.9 (0.8) n = 272 | 3.8 (0.8) n = 130 | 4.1 (0.7) n = 149 | 3.9 (0.8) | |
T3 (6–9 years after exit) | 3.8 (0.8) n = 209 | 3.9 (0.6) n = 83 | 4.1 (0.7) n = 107 | 3.9 (0.8) | |
T4 (9–12 years after exit) | 3.7 (0.9) n = 196 | 3.7 (0.9) n = 76 | 4.0 (0.8) n = 103 | 3.8 (0.9) | |
T5 (12–15 years after exit) | 3.8 (0.8) n = 163 | 3.8 (0.8) n = 73 | 4.0 (0.7) n = 92 | 3.8 (0.8) | |
Denmark | |||||
T1 (0–5 years after exit) | 3.8 (0.9) n = 370 | 4.0 (0.8) n = 950 | 4.2 (0.8) n = 618 | 4.0 (0.9) | |
T2 (5–10 years after exit) | 3.8 (0.8) n = 218 | 4.0 (0.8) n = 505 | 4.0 (0.8) n = 289 | 4.0 (0.8) | |
T3 (10–15 years after exit) | 3.9 (0.9) n = 75 | 3.9 (0.7) n = 143 | 3.9 (0.8) n = 80 | 3.9 (0.8) | |
England | |||||
T1 (0–2 years after exit) | 3.3 (1.1) n = 279 | 3.6 (1.1) n = 580 | 3.8 (0.9) n = 291 | 3.6 (1.1) | |
T2 (2–4 years after exit) | 3.1 (1.1) n = 223 | 3.4 (1.0) n = 466 | 3.8 (1.0) n = 245 | 3.4 (1.0) | |
T3 (4–6 years after exit) | 3.0 (1.0) n = 163 | 3.4 (1.0) n = 352 | 3.8 (1.0) n = 182 | 3.4 (1.0) | |
T4 (6–8 years after exit) | 3.1 (1.1) n = 99 | 3.3 (1.0) n = 216 | 3.6 (1.0) n = 108 | 3.3 (1.0) | |
T5 (8–10 years after exit) | 3.2 (1.0) n = 43 | 3.3 (1.0) n = 79 | 3.7 (0.9) n = 46 | 3.4 (1.0) | |
Germany | |||||
T1 (0–3 years after exit) | 3.6 (0.9) n = 84 | 3.7 (0.8) n = 201 | 3.7 (0.8) n = 253 | 3.7 (0.8) | |
T2 (3–6 years after exit) | 3.4 (1.0) n = 84 | 3.6 (0.9) n = 201 | 3.7 (0.7) n = 253 | 3.6 (0.8) | |
T3 (6–9 years after exit) | 3.6 (0.8) n = 70 | 3.5 (0.8) n = 147 | 3.6 (0.8) n = 197 | 3.6 (0.8) | |
T4 (9–12 years after exit) | 3.7 (0.7) n = 16 | 3.5 (0.8) n = 57 | 3.7 (0.8) n = 63 | 3.6 (0.8) | |
Finland | |||||
T1 (0–3 years after exit) | 2.7 (1.0) n = 1059 | 3.0 (1.1) n = 2617 | 3.4 (1.0) n = 254 | 2.9 (1.1) | |
T2 (3–6 years after exit) | 2.8 (1.0) n = 855 | 3.2 (1.1) n = 2217 | 3.4 (1.1) n = 213 | 3.1 (1.0) | |
T3 (6–9 years after exit) | 3.0 (1.1) n = 519 | 3.2 (1.0) n = 1304 | 3.4 (1.0) n = 94 | 3.0 (1.1) | |