Table 1 The baseline characteristics of all study participants

Male gender (n, %)

217 (48.8)

170 (48.4)

47 (50.0)

Age at registration (years) ^a

57.5 ± 11.6

57.2 ± 11.6

58.4 ± 11.3

Age at onset (years) ^a

48.8 ± 11.0

49.3 ± 10.8

47.1 ± 11.6

Diabetes duration (years) ^b

8.0(4.0, 13.0)

7.0 (2.5, 12.0)

10.0 (8.0, 15.0)

DM family history

192 (43.2)

152 (43.4)

40 (42.6)

Smoke (n, %)

138 (31.4)

104 (30.1)

34 (36.2)

Hypertension (n, %)

265 (59.8)

200 (57.1)

65 (69.9)

BMI (Kg/m²) ^a

26.2 ± 3.8

26.3 ± 3.9

25.8 ± 3.4

SBP (mmHg) ^b

130 (120, 145)

130 (120, 140)

140 (120, 151)

DBP (mmHg) ^b

80 (80, 90)

80 (80, 90)

80 (80, 90)

eGFR (ml/min) ^a

77.1 ± 28.4

64.6 ± 32.3

80.5 ± 26.3

Total cholesterol (mmol/L) ^a

4.99 ± 1.31

4.93 ± 1.29

5.21 ± 1.37

Triglycerides (mmol/L) ^b

1.72 (1.12, 2.71)

1.70 (1.11, 2.73)

1.86 (1.23, 2.51)

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) ^a

3.05 ± 0.99

3.00 ± 0.95

3.21 ± 1.15

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) ^a

1.10 ± 0.38

1.09 ± 0.39

1.14 ± 0.31

Uric acid (μmol/L) ^a

296.4 ± 103.1

286.1 ± 103.3

333.8 ± 93.7

HbA_1c (mmol/mol) ^a

82 ± 26

83 ± 25

77 ± 27

FPG (mmol/L) ^a

10.2 ± 4.0

10.3 ± 4.0

9.5 ± 4.0

Hypertension (n, %)

265 (59.8)

200 (57.1)

65 (69.9)

Use of ACE inhibitor/ARB (n, %)

315 (70.8)

242 (68.9)

73 (77.7)

Diabetic retinopathy (n, %)

108 (27.6)

78 (24.5)

30 (41.1)

Peripheral vascular disease (n, %)

285 (80.1)

206 (79.5)

79 (81.4)

Mean age at death (years) ^a

70.1 ± 9.1

70.6 ± 8.9

68.8 ± 9.7