Table 3 Factors that explain socioeconomic inequalities in ANC service utilisation, Nigeria, 2013
| Â | Concentration index | Elasticity | Contribution | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No ANC visit | ANC4+ | ANC use intensity | No ANC visit | ANC4+ | ANC visit intensity | ||
Age | 0.012*** (0.001) | −0.069* (0.038) | 0.111*** (0.028) | 0.105*** (0.030) | −0.001* (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) |
Primary education | 0.073*** (0.007) | −0.067*** (0.006) | 0.032*** (0.005) | 0.026*** (0.004) | −0.005*** (0.001) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
Secondary education | 0.464*** (0.008) | −0.105*** (0.009) | 0.065*** (0.007) | 0.067*** (0.008) | −0.049*** (0.004) | 0.030*** (0.003) | 0.031*** (0.004) |
Higher education | 0.189*** (0.006) | −0.025*** (0.003) | 0.017*** (0.002) | 0.021*** (0.003) | −0.005*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.000) | 0.004*** (0.001) |
Married/cohabiting | −0.010*** (0.003) | − 0.030 (0.051) | − 0.001 (0.038) | 0.054 (0.051) | < 0.001 (0.001) | < 0.001 (0.000) | − 0.001 (0.001) |
Distance big problem | −0.366*** (0.008) | 0.082*** (0.008) | −0.062*** (0.005) | − 0.059*** (0.005) | − 0.030*** (0.003) | 0.023*** (0.002) | 0.022*** (0.002) |
Poorer | −0.272*** (0.007) | −0.082*** (0.007) | 0.038*** (0.004) | 0.027*** (0.003) | 0.022*** (0.002) | −0.010*** (0.001) | −0.007*** (0.001) |
Middle | 0.088*** (0.006) | −0.118*** (0.007) | 0.067*** (0.005) | 0.050*** (0.004) | −0.010*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.004*** (0.000) |
Richer | 0.337*** (0.007) | −0.131*** (0.008) | 0.081*** (0.005) | 0.080*** (0.005) | −0.044*** (0.003) | 0.027*** (0.002) | 0.027*** (0.002) |
Richest | 0.570*** (0.009) | −0.117*** (0.008) | 0.086*** (0.006) | 0.111*** (0.007) | −0.067*** (0.005) | 0.049*** (0.004) | 0.063*** (0.004) |
Employed | 0.165*** (0.009) | −0.074*** (0.014) | 0.042*** (0.010) | 0.056*** (0.010) | −0.012*** (0.003) | 0.007*** (0.002) | 0.009*** (0.002) |
Urban | 0.689*** (0.007) | −0.070*** (0.008) | 0.026*** (0.007) | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.048*** (0.006) | 0.018*** (0.005) | −0.003 (0.006) |
Household head | 0.064*** (0.005) | −0.002 (0.002) | 0.003** (0.002) | 0.012*** (0.003) | <−0.001 (0.000) | < 0.001** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) |
Permission big problem | −0.147*** (0.006) | 0.043*** (0.004) | −0.020*** (0.003) | −0.011*** (0.002) | − 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) |
Catholic | 0.077*** (0.006) | 0.012*** (0.003) | −0.006*** (0.002) | −0.022*** (0.003) | 0.001*** (0.000) | <−0.001*** (0.000) | − 0.002*** (0.000) |
Non-Catholic | 0.395*** (0.008) | 0.028*** (0.006) | −0.001 (0.005) | 0.012 (0.008) | 0.011*** (0.002) | <−0.001 (0.002) | 0.005 (0.003) |
Traditional/other | −0.011*** (0.002) | 0.004*** (0.001) | −0.002*** (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | <− 0.001*** (0.000) | < 0.001** (0.000) | < 0.001 (0.000) |
Health worker attitude | −0.116*** (0.007) | − 0.010** (0.005) | 0.007** (0.003) | − 0.009*** (0.003) | 0.001** (0.001) | − 0.001** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) |
Spouse: primary | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.076*** (0.007) | 0.044*** (0.004) | 0.021*** (0.004) | < 0.001 (0.001) | <−0.001 (0.000) | <−0.001 (0.000) |
Spouse: secondary | 0.391*** (0.008) | −0.111*** (0.010) | 0.075*** (0.007) | 0.054*** (0.007) | −0.043*** (0.004) | 0.029*** (0.003) | 0.021*** (0.003) |
Spouse: higher | 0.286*** (0.007) | −0.060*** (0.005) | 0.041*** (0.004) | 0.027*** (0.004) | −0.017*** (0.002) | 0.012*** (0.001) | 0.008*** (0.001) |
Spouse: employed | −0.010*** (0.002) | −0.137 (0.090) | − 0.037 (0.071) | −0.139 (0.107) | 0.001 (0.001) | < 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) |
Ethnicity fixed effect | 0.463*** (0.008) | −0.046*** (0.005) | 0.072*** (0.004) | 0.207*** (0.007) | −0.021*** (0.002) | 0.033*** (0.002) | 0.096*** (0.004) |
Geopolitical zone fixed effect | 0.412*** (0.009) | −0.182*** (0.016) | 0.097*** (0.011) | 0.151*** (0.009) | −0.075*** (0.007) | 0.040*** (0.005) | 0.062*** (0.004) |
Residual |  |  |  |  | −0.176*** (0.012) | 0.309*** (0.007) | 0.010* (0.006) |
Total |  |  |  |  | −0.573*** (0.016) | 0.582*** (0.024) | 0.357*** (0.012) |