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Table 3 Association between outcome variables (traffic injuries, traffic deaths and case fatality rate) and all predictor variables by the NB regression and the RE model

From: Economic development and road traffic injuries and fatalities in Thailand: an application of spatial panel data analysis, 2012–2016

Outcome variables

Predictor variables

Negative binomial regression

without random effects

Negative binomial regression

with random effects

Adjusted IRR

95% CI

p-value

Adjusted IRR

95% CI

p-value

Traffic injuries

GDP per capita—log Baht

1.033

0.848–1.259

0.749

1.541

1.341–1.771

< 0.001

Region (reference = Bangkok and its vicinity)

 • Central

1.223

0.784–1.909

0.374

2.840

2.005–4.025

< 0.001

 • Northeastern

0.942

0.564–1.573

0.819

2.890

1.940–4.305

< 0.001

 • Northern

1.551

0.949–2.533

0.080

4.377

2.992–6.404

< 0.001

 • Southern

1.106

0.675–1.814

0.688

2.951

1.990–4.376

< 0.001

Gasoline—log litre per capita

1.097

0.926–1.300

0.283

1.075

0.983–1.175

0.112

Accommodation and restaurant businesses—% GDP

1.017

1.004–1.026

0.008

1.003

0.996–1.010

0.400

Manufacturing and industry businesses—% GDP

0.997

0.991–1.002

0.258

0.989

0.985–0.993

< 0.001

Traffic deaths

GDP per capita—log Baht

1.087

0.879–1.345

0.440

1.193

1.054–1.351

0.005

Region (reference = Bangkok and its vicinity)

 • Central

3.074

2.321–4.071

< 0.001

3.268

2.558–4.175

< 0.001

 • Northeastern

2.726

2.073–3.586

< 0.001

2.803

2.120–3.705

< 0.001

 • Northern

2.994

2.269–3.949

< 0.001

3.138

2.398–4.106

< 0.001

 • Southern

2.527

1.812–3.523

< 0.001

2.629

2.008–3.441

< 0.001

Gasoline—log litre per capita

1.236

1.097–1.393

0.001

1.048

0.960–1.143

0.297

Accommodation and restaurant businesses—% GDP

0.997

0.987–1.007

0.577

0.991

0.983–0.999

0.036

Manufacturing and industry businesses—% GDP

0.998

0.991–1.005

0.599

0.999

0.995–1.003

0.534

Case fatality rate

GDP per capita—log Baht

1.006

0.752–1.345

0.969

0.827

0.704–0.968

0.019

Region (reference = Bangkok and its vicinity)

 • Central

2.251

1.380–3.670

0.001

2.599

1.783–3.787

< 0.001

 • Northeastern

2.544

1.455–4.449

0.001

2.062

1.356–3.137

0.001

 • Northern

1.678

0.977–2.881

0.060

1.534

1.018–2.313

0.041

 • Southern

2.047

1.157–3.620

0.014

2.066

1.371–3.112

0.001

Gasoline—log litre per capita

1.160

0.914–1.471

0.221

0.852

0.762–0.953

0.005

Accommodation and restaurant businesses—% GDP

0.985

0.965–1.005

0.145

0.985

0.975–0.996

0.009

Manufacturing and industry businesses—% GDP

1.002

0.995–1.009

0.004

1.009

1.003–1.014

0.001

  1. 95% CI 95% confidence interval, IRR Incidence rate ratio
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