|
Individual level
|
|
Older (every 10-year increase in age)
|
4.15 (2.64–6.52)***
|
4.39 (2.72–7.09)***
|
4.31 (2.79–6.66)***
|
3.89 (2.48–6.10)***
|
4.24 (2.62–6.87)***
|
4.13 (2.60–6.55)***
|
|
Unmarried
|
0.58 (0.26–1.33)
|
0.59 (0.26–1.35)
|
0.52 (0.22–1.21)
|
0.57 (0.25–1.29)
|
0.56 (0.24–1.27)
|
0.53 (0.23–1.23)
|
|
Low education
|
|
≤ 9 years of schooling
|
2.19 (1.03–4.64)*
|
2.30 (1.12–4.73)*
|
2.38 (1.31–4.33)**
|
2.23 (0.98–5.10)
|
2.31 (1.13–4.73)*
|
2.68 (1.26–5.72)*
|
|
Annual income (ref.: ≥ 5.0 million yen)
|
|
2.0–4.9 million yen
|
1.62 (0.49–5.31)
|
1.69 (0.52–5.50)
|
1.51 (0.50–4.57)
|
1.93 (0.66–5.61)
|
2.05 (0.71–5.93)
|
1.59 (0.53–4.77)
|
|
< 2.0 million yen
|
1.53 (0.56–4.20)
|
1.69 (0.63–4.56)
|
1.23 (0.45–3.35)
|
1.78 (0.69–4.64)
|
2.01 (0.79–5.09)
|
1.20 (0.44–3.26)
|
|
Number of chronic diseases (ref.: none)
|
|
1
|
0.47 (0.25–0.91)*
|
0.45 (0.23–0.87)*
|
0.47 (0.26–0.83)*
|
0.52 (0.26–1.05)
|
0.48 (0.25–0.94)*
|
0.50 (0.27–0.92)*
|
|
≥ 2
|
0.44 (0.14–1.41)
|
0.40 (0.12–1.34)
|
0.40 (0.12–1.32)
|
0.44 (0.13–1.89)
|
0.39 (0.11–1.31)
|
0.43 (0.12–1.48)
|
|
Smaller number of friends with whom they could talk about private affairs
|
1.22 (0.90–1.65)
| | |
1.21 (0.89–1.64)
| | |
|
Smaller number of friends whom they could ask for help
| |
1.10 (0.89–1.36)
| | |
1.08 (0.88–1.34)
| |
|
Weaker neighborly ties
| | |
1.63 (1.26–2.12)***
| | |
1.64 (1.25–2.15)***
|
|
District level
|
|
% of people aged ≥65 years in the district (every 10% increase)
|
0.82 (0.52–1.28)
|
0.89 (0.55–1.42)
|
0.91 (0.56–1.49)
|
0.79 (0.52–1.20)
|
0.86 (0.54–1.38)
|
0.90 (0.57–1.44)
|
|
Population density in the district (every 1000 persons/km2 increase)
|
1.00 (0.89–1.21)
|
1.03 (0.93–1.13)
|
1.04 (0.95–1.15)
|
1.00 (0.91–1.11)
|
1.03 (0.94–1.13)
|
1.07 (0.97–1.17)
|
|
Lower emotional support
|
|
% of people who had no friends or one friend with whom they could talk about private affairs in the district (every 10% increase)
|
1.58 (1.00–2.49)*
| | |
1.70 (1.01–2.87)*
| | |
|
Lower instrumental support
|
|
% of people who had no friends or one friend whom they could ask for help in the district (every 10% increase)
| |
1.35 (0.69–2.66)
| | |
1.61 (0.78–3.30)
| |
|
Weaker social network
|
|
% of people who answered “I only greet my neighbors” or “I am not friendly with my neighbors at all” in the district (every 10% increase)
| | |
1.13 (0.70–1.82)
| | |
1.02 (0.67–1.55)
|
|
Cross-level interactions
|
|
Low educational level × lower district-level emotional support
| | | |
0.48 (0.12–1.89)
| | |
|
Low educational level × lower district-level instrumental support
| | | | |
0.21 (0.03–1.42)
| |
|
Low educational level × weaker district-level social network
| | | | | |
3.18 (1.02–10.30)*
|
