Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Individual level | ||||||
Older (every 10-year increase in age) | 4.15 (2.64–6.52)*** | 4.39 (2.72–7.09)*** | 4.31 (2.79–6.66)*** | 3.89 (2.48–6.10)*** | 4.24 (2.62–6.87)*** | 4.13 (2.60–6.55)*** |
Unmarried | 0.58 (0.26–1.33) | 0.59 (0.26–1.35) | 0.52 (0.22–1.21) | 0.57 (0.25–1.29) | 0.56 (0.24–1.27) | 0.53 (0.23–1.23) |
Low education | ||||||
≤ 9 years of schooling | 2.19 (1.03–4.64)* | 2.30 (1.12–4.73)* | 2.38 (1.31–4.33)** | 2.23 (0.98–5.10) | 2.31 (1.13–4.73)* | 2.68 (1.26–5.72)* |
Annual income (ref.: ≥ 5.0 million yen) | ||||||
2.0–4.9 million yen | 1.62 (0.49–5.31) | 1.69 (0.52–5.50) | 1.51 (0.50–4.57) | 1.93 (0.66–5.61) | 2.05 (0.71–5.93) | 1.59 (0.53–4.77) |
< 2.0 million yen | 1.53 (0.56–4.20) | 1.69 (0.63–4.56) | 1.23 (0.45–3.35) | 1.78 (0.69–4.64) | 2.01 (0.79–5.09) | 1.20 (0.44–3.26) |
Number of chronic diseases (ref.: none) | ||||||
1 | 0.47 (0.25–0.91)* | 0.45 (0.23–0.87)* | 0.47 (0.26–0.83)* | 0.52 (0.26–1.05) | 0.48 (0.25–0.94)* | 0.50 (0.27–0.92)* |
≥ 2 | 0.44 (0.14–1.41) | 0.40 (0.12–1.34) | 0.40 (0.12–1.32) | 0.44 (0.13–1.89) | 0.39 (0.11–1.31) | 0.43 (0.12–1.48) |
Smaller number of friends with whom they could talk about private affairs | 1.22 (0.90–1.65) | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) | ||||
Smaller number of friends whom they could ask for help | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) | ||||
Weaker neighborly ties | 1.63 (1.26–2.12)*** | 1.64 (1.25–2.15)*** | ||||
District level | ||||||
% of people aged ≥65 years in the district (every 10% increase) | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | 0.89 (0.55–1.42) | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 0.86 (0.54–1.38) | 0.90 (0.57–1.44) |
Population density in the district (every 1000 persons/km2 increase) | 1.00 (0.89–1.21) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) |
Lower emotional support | ||||||
% of people who had no friends or one friend with whom they could talk about private affairs in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.58 (1.00–2.49)* | 1.70 (1.01–2.87)* | ||||
Lower instrumental support | ||||||
% of people who had no friends or one friend whom they could ask for help in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.35 (0.69–2.66) | 1.61 (0.78–3.30) | ||||
Weaker social network | ||||||
% of people who answered “I only greet my neighbors” or “I am not friendly with my neighbors at all” in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.13 (0.70–1.82) | 1.02 (0.67–1.55) | ||||
Cross-level interactions | ||||||
Low educational level × lower district-level emotional support | 0.48 (0.12–1.89) | |||||
Low educational level × lower district-level instrumental support | 0.21 (0.03–1.42) | |||||
Low educational level × weaker district-level social network | 3.18 (1.02–10.30)* |