Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Individual level | ||||||
Older (every 10-year increase in age) | 3.89 (2.00–7.59)*** | 3.95 (2.10–7.41)*** | 3.60 (2.00–6.51)*** | 3.97 (1.96–8.03)*** | 3.89 (2.04–7.42)*** | 3.67 (1.96–6.87)*** |
Unmarried | 2.62 (1.36–5.07)** | 2.66 (1.41–5.03)** | 2.76 (1.38–5.51)** | 2.70 (1.44–5.04)** | 2.71 (1.47–5.03)** | 3.11 (1.47–6.56)** |
Low education | ||||||
≤ 9 years of schooling | 8.76 (3.22–23.88)*** | 7.90 (2.94–21.23)*** | 7.78 (2.68–22.57)*** | 11.61 (2.74–49.30)** | 10.39 (2.78–38.92)** | 11.06 (3.33–36.73)*** |
Annual income (ref.: ≥ 5.0 million yen) | ||||||
2.0–4.9 million yen | 0.79 (0.24–2.59) | 0.82 (0.28–2.40) | 0.81 (0.28–2.31) | 0.66 (0.21–2.12) | 0.67 (0.23–1.94) | 0.69 (0.23–2.11) |
< 2.0 million yen | 1.74 (0.33–9.05) | 1.83 (0.38–8.93) | 1.87 (0.40–8.79) | 1.71 (0.36–8.21) | 1.77 (0.38–8.20) | 1.93 (0.43–8.69) |
Smoker | 3.33 (1.72–6.44)*** | 2.98 (1.47–6.05)** | 2.47 (1.27–4.79)** | 3.40 (1.72–6.73)*** | 3.02 (1.46–6.24)** | 2.71 (1.41–5.20)** |
Number of chronic diseases (ref.: none) | ||||||
1 | 1.08 (0.47–2.52) | 0.99 (0.44–2.27) | 1.19 (0.56–2.52) | 0.94 (0.41–2.12) | 0.91 (0.41–2.04) | 1.14 (0.54–2.38) |
≥ 2 | 0.59 (0.16–2.22) | 0.57 (0.14–2.34) | 0.52 (0.14–2.00) | 0.46 (0.10–2.16) | 0.49 (0.10–2.33) | 0.47 (0.11–2.08) |
Smaller number of friends with whom they can talk about private affairs | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | ||||
Smaller number of friends whom they can ask for help | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | ||||
Weaker neighborly ties | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) | 0.73 (0.37–1.41) | ||||
District level | ||||||
% of people aged ≥65 years in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | 1.17 (0.75–1.82) | 0.92 (0.54–1.56) | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.90 (0.52–1.58) |
Population density in the district (every 1000 persons/km2 increase) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) |
Lower emotional support | ||||||
% of people who had no friends or one friend with whom they could talk about private affairs in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.67 (1.14–2.44)* | 2.19 (1.16–4.11)* | ||||
Lower instrumental support | ||||||
% of people who had no friends or one friend whom they could ask for help in the district (every 10% increase) | 2.09 (1.49–2.94)*** | 2.31 (1.20–4.45)* | ||||
Weaker social network | ||||||
% of people who answered “I only greet my neighbors” or “I am not friendly with my neighbors at all” in the district (every 10% increase) | 1.50 (0.98–2.27) | 1.03 (0.59–1.80) | ||||
Cross-level interactions | ||||||
Low educational level × lower district-level emotional support | 0.25 (0.03–2.15) | |||||
Low educational level × lower district-level instrumental support | 0.68 (0.05–10.05) | |||||
Low educational level × weaker district-level social network | 5.06 (1.37–18.62)* |