Table 1 Participant characteristics
Total (n = 897) | Men (n = 447) | Women (n = 450) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 74.4 ± 6.3 | 74.4 ± 6.2 | 74.5 ± 6.4 |
Unmarried | 31.1 | 18.4 | 47.7 |
Years of education | 12.5 ± 2.9 | 13.4 ± 3.1 | 11.6 ± 2.4 |
≤ 9 years | 23.5 | 19.7 | 27.2 |
Annual income | |||
≥ 5.0 million yen | 12.0 | 15.1 | 8.9 |
2.0–4.9 million yen | 62.1 | 69.4 | 54.7 |
< 2.0 million yen | 25.8 | 15.5 | 36.5 |
Smoker | 11.6 | 17.5 | 5.8 |
Number of chronic diseases | |||
None | 41.7 | 38.1 | 45.3 |
1 | 16.8 | 34.5 | 39.1 |
≥ 2 | 21.4 | 27.4 | 15.6 |
Number of friends with whom they could talk about private affairs (emotional support) | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 1.3 |
Five or more persons [= 1] | 9.8 | 9.4 | 10.3 |
Three to four persons [= 2] | 16.7 | 14.9 | 18.5 |
Two persons [= 3] | 20.8 | 17.7 | 24.0 |
One person [= 4] | 20.3 | 18.3 | 22.1 |
None [= 5] | 32.4 | 39.7 | 25.1 |
Number of friends whom they could ask for help (instrumental support) | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.2 |
Five or more persons [= 1] | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.2 |
Three to four persons [= 2] | 12.2 | 13.2 | 11.2 |
Two persons [= 3] | 17.7 | 14.6 | 20.8 |
One person [= 4] | 17.7 | 13.9 | 21.5 |
None [= 5] | 48.1 | 53.9 | 42.3 |
Neighborly ties (social network) | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
I often talk with neighbors about my problems [= 1] | 16.7 | 8.0 | 25.3 |
I only make small talk with my neighbors [= 2] | 46.6 | 41.5 | 51.7 |
I only greet my neighbors [= 3] | 29.4 | 41.9 | 16.9 |
I am not friendly with my neighbors at all [= 4] | 7.4 | 8.7 | 6.1 |
Cognitive impairment (MMSE-J ≤ 23) | 10.9 | 11.2 | 10.7 |