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Table 3 Crude and adjusted models for independent variables with ever shisha smoking

From: Determinants of shisha use among secondary school students in Sudan

 

Crude Model

Adjusted Model

OR CI 95%

P value

OR CI 95%

P value

City

 

< 0.001

 

0.048

 Khartoum

1.17 (0.85–1.60)

 

1.10 (0.77–1.57)

 

 Omdurman

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Bahri

1.83 (1.34–2.49)

 

1.51 (1.09–2.10)

 

Gender

 

< 0.001

 

0.754

 Male

1.75 (1.33–2.30)

 

1.06 (0.75–1.49)

 

 Female

Ref

 

Ref

 

Grade

 

< 0.001

 

0.179

 1st

0.74 (0.53–1.04)

 

1.0 (0.68–1.48)

 

 2nd

Ref

 

Ref

 

 3rd

1.53 (1.13–2.08)

 

1.33 (0.92–1.91)

 

Daily allowance

–

< 0.013

–

0.744

Academic performance

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.002

 Excellent

1.50 (1.05–2.16)

 

1.23 (0.82–1.84)

 

 Very Good

0.78 (0.58–1.07)

 

0.72 (0.50–1.02)

 

 Good

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Fair

0.78 (0.42–1.42)

 

0.60 (0.31–1.17)

 

 Poor

5.06 (1.97–13.0)

 

2.90 (1.21–6.94)

 

Family structure

 

< 0.016

 

0.147

 Father only

2.23 (1.14–4.37)

 

1.99 (0.96–4.16)

 

 Mother only

1.5 (1.04–2.17)

 

1.22 (0.81–1.84)

 

 Father and mother

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Others

1.43 (0.93–2.22)

 

1.41 (0.87–2.29)

 

Parents smoking

–

0.322

–

–

Friends smoking cigarettes

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.01

 Yes

2.20 (1.58–3.07)

 

2.76 (1.90–4.01)

 

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Restriction of selling shisha to minors

 

< 0.002

 

< 0.010

 I did not try to buy shisha

1.36 (0.99–1.87)

 

1.43 (1.03–1.99)

 

 Yes

2.49 (1.48–4.20)

 

2.21 (1.28–3.82)

 

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Peer pressure to smoke Shisha

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.01

 Yes

11.46 (6.84–19.32)

 

13.76 (7.86–24.07)

 

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Friends smoking shisha

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.01

 Yes

2.24 (1.58–3.17)

 

2.39 (1.65–3.45)

 

 No

Ref

 

Ref

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