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Table 2 Association between maternal characteristics and attending at least one antenatal care visit among women who experienced a pregnancy outcome in the past year in three districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, 2016a

From: Utilization of key preventive measures for pregnancy complications and malaria among women in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

 

Attended at least one ANC visit

N (%)

Did not attend ANC

N (%)

P value for the overall difference among the categories

Factors associated with attending at least one antenatal care visit, univariate analysis

OR (95% CI)

Factors associated with attending at least one antenatal care visit, multivariable analysis

AOR (95% CI)g

Maternal age (years)

 15–18

231 (7.2)

54 (9.0)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 19–24

864 (27.1)

101 (16.9)

1.83 (1.25–2.67)

1.27 (0.84–1.91)

 25–34

1594 (50.0)

316 (52.9)

1.01 (0.72–1.42)

1.26 (0.85–1.88)

 35–49

498 (15.6)

126 (21.1)

0.884 (0.58–1.23)

1.33 (0.84–2.10)

Ethnic group

 Oromo

2995 (93.9)

552 (92.5)

0.0113

Reference

Reference

 Amhara

66 (2.1)

7 (1.2)

1.11 (0.49–2.50)

0.85 (0.35–1.95)

 Other

126 (3.9)

38 (6.4)

0.56 (0.37–0.84)

0.58 (0.38–0.89)

Education level

 No education

1660 (52.1)

441 (73.8)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 Primaryb

1041 (32.6)

132 (22.1)

1.92 (1.55–2.39)

1.47 (1.16–1.87)

 Secondaryc or Higherd

486 (15.2)

24 (4.0)

4.57 (2.96–7.05)

2.38 (1.49–3.82)

Employment Status

 Not Employede

2510 (78.7)

448 (75.0)

0.0004

Reference

Reference

 Self-employedf

583 (18.3)

143 (23.9)

0.78 (0.63–0.97)

0.79 (0.63–1.01)

 Employed

94 (2.9)

6 (1.0)

2.74 (1.16–6.45)

1.68 (0.69–4.09)

Wealth

 Poorest

544 (17.1)

214 (35.8)

0.0001

Reference

Reference

 Poorer

649 (20.4)

156 (26.1)

1.45 (1.13–1.87)

1.53 (1.17–1.99)

 Middle

614 (19.3)

90 (15.1)

2.319 (1.74–3.08)

2.52 (1.87–3.39)

 Wealthier

665 (20.8)

95 (15.9)

2.27 (1.71–3.03)

2.37 (1.76–3.19)

 Wealthiest

715 (22.4)

42 (7.0)

4.96 (3.39–7.23)

4.29 (2.89–6.35)

Frequency of reading newspaper/ magazine

 Not at all

2936 (92.1)

577 (96.6)

0.0006

Reference

Reference

 At least once a week

203 (6.4)

19 (3.2)

1.84 (1.12–3.00)

0.67 (0.38–1.18)

 More than once a week

48 (1.51)

1 (0.2)

11.64 (1.58–85.81)

2.48 (0.31–19.56)

Frequency of listening to the radio

 Not at all

1373 (43.1)

352 (58.9)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 At least once a week

879 (27.6)

124 (20.8)

1.76 (1.39–2.22)

1.27 (0.99–1.64)

 More than once a week

935 (29.3)

121 (20.3)

1.97 (1.56–2.49)

1.28 (1.00–1.66)

Frequency of watching the TV

 Not at all

2783 (87.3)

579 (96.9)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 At least once a week

185 (5.8)

13 (2.2)

2.30 (1.29–4.21)

1.39 (0.74–2.62)

 More than once a week

219 (6.9)

5 (0.8)

6.18 (2.50–15.28)

2.98 (1.15–7.74)

Frequency of contact with HEW

 Not at all

2053 (64.4)

461 (77.2)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 Less than once a month

773 (24.2)

98 (16.4)

1.61 (1.26–2.05)

1.69 (1.15–2.48)

 One or more times a month

361 (11.3)

38 (6.4)

1.86 (1.29–2.67)

1.66 (1.27–2.13)

Decision-making about healthcare

 Husband or family member

874 (23.1)

210 (5.5)

0.0086

Reference

Reference

 Self

385 (12.1)

76 (12.7)

1.16 (0.86–1.57)

1.10 (0.81–1.51)

 Jointly with husband

1928 (60.5)

311 (52.1)

1.45 (1.21–1.81)

1.26 (1.02–1.56)

Household size

  ≤ 4

1155 (36.2)

132 (22.1)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 5–8

1751 (54.9)

374 (62.6)

0.54 (0.44–0.67)

0.87 (0.63–1.19)

  ≥ 9

281 (8.8)

91 (15.2)

0.43 (0.31–0.58)

0.75 (0.45–1.26)

Number of children per household

  ≤ 3

1882 (59.0)

244 (40.9)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 4–6

1159 (36.4)

305 (51.1)

0.51 (0.42–0.62)

0.74 (0.55–1.00)

  ≥ 7

146 (4.6)

48 (8.0)

0.47 (0.33–0.68)

0.76 (0.41–1.39)

Health problems during last pregnancy

 No

2491 (78.2)

509 (85.2)

0.0050

Reference

Reference

 Yes

694 (21.8)

88 (14.7)

1.57 (1.22–2.02)

1.58 (1.22–2.05)

Number of live birth

 0–1

742 (23.7)

79 (13.4)

< 0.0001

Reference

Reference

 2–4

1424 (45.4)

229 (38.8)

0.67 (0.52–0.88)

0.97 (0.70–1.36)

  ≥ 5

968 (30.9)

282 (47.8)

0.40 (0.31–0.53)

0.84 (0.55–1.29)

Number of child-deaths

 None

2734 (85.8)

485 (82.1)

0.0059

Reference

Reference

  ≥ 1

453 (14.2)

112 (18.8)

0.78 (0.61–0.98)

1.04 (0.79–1.35)

Intended pregnancy

 No

967 (30.3)

309 (51.7)

<  0.0001

Reference

Reference

 Yes

2220 (69.6)

288 (48.2)

2.18 (1.81–2.63)

1.68 (1.38–2.06)

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio
  2. Notes: a Numbers are rounded and may not add up to exactly 100%; bconsiders women who completed all or some primary school years; c considers women who completed all or some secondary school years; d secondary and higher education were combined given model conversion issues; e the unemployed category contains women who were unemployed, housewives or students; f the self-employed category contains women who are farmers and/or traders; g AOR and corresponding 95% CI were obtained from a multivariate model, including variables with a significant univariate test at p-value cut-off point of 0.05
  3. Bold text indicates significant results at the level of p-value <0.05