The interplay between national and parental unemployment in relation to adolescent life satisfaction in 27 countries: analyses of repeated cross-sectional school surveys

Klara Johansson; Solveig Petersen; Björn Högberg; Gonneke W. J. M. Stevens; Bart De Clercq; Diana Frasquilho; Frank Elgar; Mattias Strandh

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7721-1

Table 3 Linear mixed models regression of national and parental unemployment in relation to life satisfaction^a of 11, 13 and 15-year olds (n = 386,402) in 27 countries across 3 waves (2002, 2005, 2009)^b

From: The interplay between national and parental unemployment in relation to adolescent life satisfaction in 27 countries: analyses of repeated cross-sectional school surveys

		n (%)	Empty model	Model 1	p-value	Model 2	p-value	Model 3	p-value
Constant			7.58	9.13	< 0.001	9.12	< 0.001	9.12	< 0.001
Fixed effects
Country overall unemployment				−0.04	0.011	−0.04	0.014	− 0.04	0.016
Year-specific unemployment				0.01	0.213	0.01	0.127	0.01	0.119
Sex (girl)		197,892 (51.2)		−0.18	< 0.001	−0.18	< 0.001	− 0.18	< 0.001
Age	11 years	127,083 (32.9)		1		1		1
	13 years	132,581 (34.3)		−0.45	< 0.001	− 0.45	< 0.001	−0.45	< 0.001
	15 years	126,738 (32.8)		−0.77	< 0.001	−0.77	< 0.001	− 0.77	< 0.001
Wave	2001/02	107,786 (27.9)		1		1		1.00
	2005/06	142,024 (36.8)		0.05	0.212	0.05	0.229	0.05	0.234
	2009/10	136,592 (35.4)		0.04	0.327	0.04	0.337	0.04	0.350
Family situation	Parents separated	97,219 (25.1)				−0.46	< 0.001	−0.46	< 0.001
Unemployed parents	None	365,848 (94.7)				1		1
	Father	7156 (1.9)				−0.38	< 0.001	− 0.17	0.007
	Mother	12,294 (3.2)				−0.21	< 0.001	−0.25	< 0.001
	Both parents	1104 (0.3)				−0.49	< 0.001	−0.08	0.636
Interactions
Country unemployment * Father unemployed								−0.02	0.001
Country unemployment * Mother unemployed								0.004	0.547
Country unemployment * Both parents unemployed								−0.04	0.005
Random effects
Country variance (% change from previous model)^d			0.076	0.049 (−34.9%)		0.049 (−1.1%)		0.049 (−0.2%)
Country-year variance (% change from previous model)^d			0.015	0.016 (8.7%)		0.016 (−0.8%)		0.016 (−0.4%)
School variance (% change from previous model)^d			0.164	0.068 (−58.6%)		0.067 (−0.5%)		0.067 (0%)
Individual variance (% change from previous model)^d			3.296	3.217(−2.4%)		3.213(−0.1%)		3.213 (0%)
Log likelihood			− 784,253.4	− 779,415.8		− 776,821.08		−776,811.3
Likelihood ratio test^c			p < 0.001	p < 0.001		p < 0.001		p < 0.001

^aLife satisfaction is self-reported on a scale of 1–10, with higher values representing better life satisfaction
^b27 countries (n: average 14,311.2, range 7737-41,906); 74 country waves (n: average 5221.6, range 2804-14,497); 14,344 schools/classes (n: average 26.9, range 1–5389)
^cLikelihood ratio test compares each nested model to the previous model to see if it is a significantly better fit. The empty model is compared to a single-level regression
^dThe percentage change is obtained by dividing the difference in variance between a preceding model and a nested model by the variance in the preceding model

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