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Table 3 Linear mixed models regression of national and parental unemployment in relation to life satisfactiona of 11, 13 and 15-year olds (n = 386,402) in 27 countries across 3 waves (2002, 2005, 2009)b

From: The interplay between national and parental unemployment in relation to adolescent life satisfaction in 27 countries: analyses of repeated cross-sectional school surveys

  

n (%)

Empty model

Model 1

p-value

Model 2

p-value

Model 3

p-value

Constant

  

7.58

9.13

< 0.001

9.12

< 0.001

9.12

< 0.001

Fixed effects

 Country overall unemployment

  

−0.04

0.011

−0.04

0.014

− 0.04

0.016

 Year-specific unemployment

  

0.01

0.213

0.01

0.127

0.01

0.119

 Sex (girl)

 

197,892 (51.2)

 

−0.18

< 0.001

−0.18

< 0.001

− 0.18

< 0.001

 Age

11 years

127,083 (32.9)

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

13 years

132,581 (34.3)

 

−0.45

< 0.001

− 0.45

< 0.001

−0.45

< 0.001

15 years

126,738 (32.8)

 

−0.77

< 0.001

−0.77

< 0.001

− 0.77

< 0.001

 Wave

2001/02

107,786 (27.9)

 

1

 

1

 

1.00

 

2005/06

142,024 (36.8)

 

0.05

0.212

0.05

0.229

0.05

0.234

2009/10

136,592 (35.4)

 

0.04

0.327

0.04

0.337

0.04

0.350

 Family situation

Parents separated

97,219 (25.1)

   

−0.46

< 0.001

−0.46

< 0.001

 Unemployed parents

None

365,848 (94.7)

   

1

 

1

 

Father

7156 (1.9)

   

−0.38

< 0.001

− 0.17

0.007

Mother

12,294 (3.2)

   

−0.21

< 0.001

−0.25

< 0.001

Both parents

1104 (0.3)

   

−0.49

< 0.001

−0.08

0.636

Interactions

 Country unemployment * Father unemployed

     

−0.02

0.001

 Country unemployment * Mother unemployed

     

0.004

0.547

 Country unemployment * Both parents unemployed

     

−0.04

0.005

Random effects

 Country variance (% change from previous model)d

0.076

0.049 (−34.9%)

0.049 (−1.1%)

0.049 (−0.2%)

 Country-year variance (% change from previous model)d

0.015

0.016 (8.7%)

0.016 (−0.8%)

0.016 (−0.4%)

 School variance (% change from previous model)d

0.164

0.068 (−58.6%)

0.067 (−0.5%)

0.067 (0%)

 Individual variance (% change from previous model)d

3.296

3.217(−2.4%)

3.213(−0.1%)

3.213 (0%)

 Log likelihood

− 784,253.4

− 779,415.8

− 776,821.08

−776,811.3

 Likelihood ratio testc

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  1. aLife satisfaction is self-reported on a scale of 1–10, with higher values representing better life satisfaction
  2. b27 countries (n: average 14,311.2, range 7737-41,906); 74 country waves (n: average 5221.6, range 2804-14,497); 14,344 schools/classes (n: average 26.9, range 1–5389)
  3. cLikelihood ratio test compares each nested model to the previous model to see if it is a significantly better fit. The empty model is compared to a single-level regression
  4. dThe percentage change is obtained by dividing the difference in variance between a preceding model and a nested model by the variance in the preceding model
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BMC Public Health

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