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Table 2 Characteristics of studies on burnout among nurses in Middle East (N = 53)

From: Burnout among healthcare providers in the complex environment of the Middle East: a systematic review

1st author, Year

Country

Study population

Burnout assessment

EE (%) or mean ± SD

DP (%) or mean ± SD

PA (%) or mean ± SD

Overall Burnout (%) or mean ± SD

Abushaikha, 2009 [94]g

Palestine

Nurses from 5 private hospitals (N = 152)

MBI

23.5 ± 10.2

5.4 ± 5.6

34.1 ± 9.4

–

Ahmadi, 2014 [95]

Iran

Nurses from a university affiliated hospital (N = 100): emergency (N = 28), orthopedic (N = 22), dialysis wards (N = 19), and ICU (N = 31)

MBI

–

–

–

Emergency: 17.0%+

Orthopedic:

18.6%+

Dialysis:

29.0%+

ICU:

8.7%+

Akkus, 2010 [96]

Turkey

Nurses from stem cell transplantation units (N = 57)

MBI

15.1 ± 7.5

3.7 ± 3.3

12.2 ± 5.1

–

Akman, 2016 [97]

Turkey

Pediatric nurses (N = 165)

MBI

high job satisfaction scores: 19.1 ± 6.2

low job satisfaction scores: 26.9 ± 6.2

high job satisfaction scores:

5.9 ± 3.9

low job satisfaction scores: 9.2 ± 4.9

high job satisfaction scores:

11.9 ± 5.8

low job satisfaction scores: 9.8 ± 5.1

–

Al-Turki, 2010 [98]

Saudi Arabia

Multi-national nurses from a tertiary care hospital (N = 189)

MBI

45.0%

42.0%

29.0%

–

Al-Turki, 2010 [99]

Saudi Arabia

Nurses from a tertiary care hospital (N = 37)

MBI

46.0%

49.0%

17.0%

–

Alharbi, 2016 [100]

Saudi Arabia

Critical care nurses (N = 150)

MBI

35.2 ± 8.9

16.3 ± 5.2

33.9 ± 8.0

–

Alimoglu, 2005 [101]

Turkey

Nurses (N = 141)

MBI

19.2 ± 6.9

5.2 ± 3.6

20.8 ± 4.0

–

Altun, 2002 [102]

Turkey

Nurses (N = 160)

MBI

17.3 ± 7.7

4.6 ± 4.3

22.8 ± 5.9

–

Anwar, 2017 [103]

Egypt

Nurses from a university hospital (N = 227)

MBI-HSS

24.6 ± 6.8

27%

12.1 ± 4.1

48%

28.4 ± 6.3

78%

–

Arslan, 2016 [104]

Turkey

Nurses from 16 hospitals (N = 799)

MBI

16.4 ± 7.1

5.4 ± 4.2

10.1 ± 5.8

–

Azmoon, 2018 [105]

Iran

Nurses from teaching hospitals (N = 522)

MBI

13.1 ± 6.6

28.5 ± 9.1

18.4 ± 7.1

–

Bagheri, 2019 [106]

Iran

Nurses from 4 teaching hospitals (N = 684)

MBI

38.7%

30.4%

24.6%

–

Bakir, 2010 [107]

Turkey

Military nurses (N = 377)

MBI

Age (year) ≤29:

24.8 ± 6.9

Age (year) ≥30:

12.1 ± 10.7

Age (year) ≤29:

10.7 ± 3.7

Age (year) ≥30:

25.3 ± 7.3

Age (year) ≤29:

20.8 ± 5.1

Age (year) ≥30:

20.7 ± 5.5

–

Chayu, 2011 [108]

Israel

Nephrology nurses (N = 132)

MBI and Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBD)

3.2 ± 1.3

1.8 ± 0.8

2.1 ± 0.9

 

Darban, 2016 [109]

Iran

Nurses (N = 60)

MBI

–

–

–

Pre-intervention: 60.8 ± 7.8

After: 60.9 ± 7.9

After 1 month: 61.0 ± 8.0

Study group

Pre-intervention: 61.1 ± 8.0

After: 58.8 ± 7.6

After 1 month: 54.6 ± 7.0

Demir, 2003 [110]

Turkey

Nurses at university and state hospitals (N = 333)

MBI

state hospitals:

19.1 ± 5.7

university hospitals: 17.2 ± 6.0

state hospitals:

5.6 ± 3.6

university hospitals: 4.7 ± 3.1

state hospitals:

20.3 ± 4.1

university hospitals: 20.6 ± 4.1

–

Dor, 2018 [111]

Israel

Hospital nurses (N = 278) and community nurses (N = 179)

MBI

Hospital:

3.0 ± 1.0

Community: 2.4 ± 0.9

Hospital:

2.2 ± 0.9

Community: 2.0 ± 0.9

Hospital:

2.1 ± 0.6

Community: 2.0 ± 2.7

–

Emold, 2011 [112]

Israel

Nurses from 6oncology units (N = 39)

MBI

30.8%

5.1%

15%

–

Farahbod, 2015 [113]

Iran

Nurses at a trauma referral teaching hospital (N = 214)

MBI

24.7 ± 12.2

4.7 ± 5.1

41.1 ± 9.6

–

Gholami, 2016 [114]

Iran

Nurses (N = 415)

MBI

25.1 ± 12.4

5.9 ± 5.1

33.3 ± 9.6

–

Gunusen, 2010 [115]

Turkey

Nurses (N = 108)

MBI

Pre-intervention:

Coping group:

20.9 ± 4.7

Control group:

21.4 ± 4.2

Post-intervention:

Coping group:

20.9 ± 4.7

Control group:

21.4 ± 4.2

Pre-intervention:

Coping group:

5.8 ± 3.6

Control group:

5.0 ± 3.1

Post-intervention:

Coping group:

4.6 ± 3.2

Control group: 5.4 ± 2.7

Pre-intervention:

Coping group:

19.7 ± 3.4

Control group:

19.7 ± 3.6

Post-intervention:

Coping group: 21.4 ± 3.5

Control group: 19.9 ± 3.1

–

Hamaideh, 2011 [116]

Jordan

Mental health nurses (N = 181)

MBI

24.0 ± 13.9

55%

7.0 ± 7.1

50%

31.6 ± 11.5

50%

–

Iecovich, 2017 [117]

Israel

Nurses in long-term care facilities (N = 154)

MBI

25.6 ± 10.5

10.2 ± 5.7

20.1 ± 8.1

–

Ilhan, 2008 [118]

Turkey

Nurses (N = 418)

MBI

18.0 ± 6.3

5.7 ± 3.9

19.8 ± 4.7

–

Kapucu, 2009 [119]

Turkey

Nurses from hemodialysis units (N = 95)

MBI

16.0 ± 6.3

4.7 ± 3.2

21.0 ± 4.6

–

Karadag, 2017 [120]

Turkey

Nurses from a state hospital (N = 118)

MBI

48.9 ± 6.1

5.8 ± 3.5

11.2 ± 4.6

–

Karakoc, 2016 [121]

Turkey

Nurses working in dialysis centers (N = 171)

MBI

14.0 ± 7.3

4.4 ± 3.4

20.8 ± 4.1

–

Karaman, 2017 [122]

Turkey and Iran

Nurses working in surgical clinics (N = 179) in Turkey (N = 87) and Iran (N = 97)

MBI

Turkey:

28.3 ± 6.9

Iran:

25.5 ± 9.2

Turkey:

10.2 ± 3.4

Iran: 9.4 ± 3.9

Turkey:

29.5 ± 5.0

Iran: 31.6 ± 5.2

–

Kavurmacı, 2014 [123]

Turkey

Hemodialysis nurses (N = 32)

MBI

17.1 ± 8.3

5.9 ± 4.1

20.6 ± 4.1

–

Kutluturkan, 2016 [124]

Turkey

Oncology nurses (N = 140)

MBI

(median):

24.0

(median):

9.0

(median):

16.0

–

Kızılcı, 2012 [125]

Turkey

Nurses working in academic institutions (N = 94)

MBI

16.4 ± 5.9

4.8 ± 3.6

22.3 ± 4.3

–

Moghaddasi, 2013 [126]

Iran

Nurses working in medical and education centers (N = 340)

MBI

22.8 ± 12.4

34.6%

6.99 ± 6.23

28.8%

32.30 ± 9.26

95.7%

–

Mohammad,

2012 [127]

Iran

Nurses (n = 712)

MBI

–

–

–

21.9%+

Mudallal, 2017 [128]

Jordan

Nurses (N = 407)

MBI

31.5 ± 12.8

60.9%

15.2 ± 6.9

65.1%

32.3 ± 18.9

43.0%

–

Naveri, 2009 [129]

Iran

Nurses (N = 200)

MBI

–

–

–

21.7%+

Ozbas, 2016 [130]

Turkey

Oncology nurses (N = 82)

MBI

Pre-intervention:

Study group:

25.3 ± 6.8

Control group:

23.6 ± 6.9

Post-intervention:

Study group:

19.0 ± 4.0

Control group:

26.1 ± 5.8

Pre-intervention:

Study group:

10.8 ± 4.1

Control group:

9.7 ± 3.0

Post-intervention:

Study group:

7.9 ± 2.6

Control group:

11.1 ± 3.1

Pre-intervention:

Study group:

29.1 ± 4.6

Control group:

28.4 ± 4.1

Post-intervention:

Study group:

30.6 ± 3.7

Control group:

27.7 ± 4.6

–

Ozden, 2013 [131]

Turkey

Intensive care nurses (N = 138)

MBI

15.8 ± 7.2

6.5 ± 4.2

20.7 ± 5.0

–

Özgür, 2018 [132]

Turkey

Nurses at a university hospital (N = 155)

MBI

20.3 ± 5.9

7.2 ± 3.4

12.76 ± 3.67

–

Palazoglu, 2017 [133]

Turkey

Emergency nurses (N = 236)

MBI

21.9 ± 6.5

10.0 ± 4.0

21.0 ± 4.5

–

Rezaei, 2018 [134]

Iran

Nurses (N = 200)

MBI-HSS

2.9 ± 0.3

2.9 ± 0.2

2.6 ± 0.5

–

Ron, 2014 [135]

Israel

Nurses (N = 214)

single-item

–

–

–

3.92 ± 0.44

Sabanciogullari

2015 [136]

Turkey

Nurses working at a university hospital (N = 63)

MBI

14.8 ± 5.1

24.6 ± 3.7

21.6 ± 2.4

–

Sahraian, 2008 [137]

Iran

Nurses working at public hospitals (N = 180)

MBI

25.8 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 0.3

29.6 ± 1.1

–

Shahriari, 2014 [138]

Iran

Critical care nurses (N = 170)

MBI

Fixed shift schedule:

60%,

Non-fixed schedule: 12.9%

Fixed shift schedule:

32.9%,

Non-fixed schedule: 18.8%

Fixed shift schedule:

27.1%

Non-fixed schedule: 43.5%

–

Shamali, 2015 [139]

Iran

Nurses with rotating shift schedules (N = 130) and fixed shift schedules (N = 130)

MBI

Rotating schedule

20.5 ± 11.1

Fixed schedule:

26.6 ± 11.4

Rotating schedule

10.8 ± 6.7

Fixed schedule:

11.7 ± 6.4

Rotating schedule

31.1 ± 9.9

Fixed schedule:

29.3 ± 11.2

–

Sorour, 2012 [140]

Egypt

Emergency nurses (N = 58)

MBI

–

–

–

37.9%*

Soroush, 2016 [141]

Iran

Nurses working in neonatal intensive care units (N = 86)

MBI

21.3 ± 8.1

2.6 ± 31

22.6 ± 5.4

–

Taleghani, 2017 [142]

Iran

Oncology nurses (N = 67)

MBI

38.1 ± 22.7

25.6 ± 17.8

47.9 ± 13.7

–

Tekindal, 2012 [143]

Turkeys

Nurses working at a state hospital (N = 225)

MBI

27.2 ± 6.3

9.3 ± 3.1

29.4 ± 4.2

–

Topbas, 2019 [144]

Turkey

Hemodialysis nurses (N = 82)

MBI

15.1 ± 7.9

8.2 ± 5.1

22.3 ± 4.9

 

Tuna, 2014 [145]

Turkey

Oncology nurses (N = 189)

MBI

18.3 ± 6.2

5.9 ± 3.6

11.1 ± 4.1

–

Yousefy, 2006 [146]

Iran

Psychiatric nurses (N = 55) and medical nurses (N = 51)

MBI

16.64 ± 7.54

4.96 ± 5.50

13.82 ± 9.83

–

  1. Abbreviations: MBI = Maslach Burnout Inventory; MBI-HSS = Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey
  2. *Overall burnout prevalence based on high burnout score in at least one of the burnout categories
  3. ^Overall burnout prevalence based on high burnout scores in all three of the burnout categories
  4. +Unclear how overall burnout prevalence was defined