From: Neck and shoulder pain among elementary school students: prevalence and its risk factors
Neck pain | Shoulder pain | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | % | OR (95% CI) | P value | % | OR (95% CI) | P value |
Classroom furniture/layout design | ||||||
 Seat height | ||||||
  Just right | 20.1 | Referent | – | 24 | Referent | – |
  Too high | 37.2 | 2.76 (1.78–4.29) | 0.001* | 31.9 | 1.56 (1.02–2.38) | 0.037* |
  Too low | 41.1 | 2.34 (1.35–4.06) | 0.002* | 33.1 | 1.47 (0.86–2.54) | 0.157 |
 Seat backrest height | ||||||
  Just right | 35.1 | Referent | – | 29.4 | Referent | – |
  Too high | 36.4 | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.753 | 29.8 | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | 0.352 |
  Too low | 35 | 1.06 (0.67–1.66) | 0.792 | 33.1 | 0.85 (0.53–1.36) | 0.516 |
 Seat backrest inclination | ||||||
  Just right | 36.4 | Referent | – | 19.4 | Referent | – |
  Too backward | 37.8 | 1.53 (0.94–2.49) | 0.084 | 31.7 | 2.07 (1.20–3.55) | 0.008* |
  Too forward | 27.6 | 1.59 (0.93–2.72) | 0.087 | 33.3 | 1.92 (1.06–3.48) | 0.030* |
 Seat backrest curvature | ||||||
  Just right | 36.7 | Referent | – | 27.2 | Referent | – |
  Too curved | 41 | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.502 | 34.6 | 1.44 (1.01–2.04) | 0.039* |
  Too flat | 34.1 | 1.34 (0.81–2.21) | 0.243 | 35.1 | 1.41 (0.84–2.37) | 0.192 |
 Seat depth | ||||||
  Just right | 34.7 | Referent | – | 30.7 | Referent | – |
  Too deep | 43.5 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.892 | 34.8 | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) | 0.909 |
  Too narrow | 35.2 | 1.41 (0.83–2.40) | 0.196 | 30.2 | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 0.460 |
 Seat width | ||||||
  Just right | 35.5 | Referent | – | 31.1 | Referent | – |
  Too deep | 31 | 0.86 (0.58–1.25) | 0.437 | 25.4 | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 0.685 |
  Too narrow | 39 | 0.70 (0.38–1.28) | 0.248 | 32.9 | 0.69 (0.36–1.36) | 0.260 |
 Desk height | ||||||
  Just right | 23.7 | Referent | – | 21.9 | Referent | – |
  Too high | 37.9 | 2.64 (1.61–4.32) | 0.001* | 41.2 | 1.62 (1.06–2.47) | 0.024* |
  Too low | 45 | 1.96 (1.30–2.96) | 0.001* | 31.3 | 2.50 (1.51–4.14) | 0.001* |
 Seat pan inclination | ||||||
  Just right | 28.3 | Referent | – | 31 | Referent | – |
  Too backward | 44.7 | 1.51 (1.03–2.23) | 0.033* | 31.9 | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | 0.825 |
  Too forward | 37.5 | 2.04 (1.05–3.98) | 0.035* | 30.1 | 1.08 (0.54–2.18) | 0.814 |
 Seat-to-(black) board distance | ||||||
  Just right | 33.7 | Referent | – | 30.1 | Referent | – |
  Too near | 39.4 | 0.98 (0.58–1.66) | 0.958 | 30.3 | 086 (0.49–1.49) | 0.592 |
  Too far | 39.7 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | 0.186 | 33.6 | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.437 |
 Classroom teacher placement | ||||||
  Just right | 37.6 | Referent | – | 32.6 | Referent | – |
  Too near | 29.9 | 0.95 (0.49–1.85) | 0.890 | 26.9 | 1.08 (0.54–1.17) | 0.811 |
  Too far | 30.8 | 1.35 (0.86–2.11) | 0.189 | 25.2 | 1.43 (0.89–2.29) | 0.138 |
 Viewing the (black) board | ||||||
  Very easy | 24.5 | Referent | – | 31.9 | Referent | – |
  Neutral | 43.2 | 1.69 (0.86–3.33) | 0.124 | 27.4 | 1.29 (0.67–2.50) | 0.441 |
  Very difficult | 35.5 | 2.34 (1.08–5.04) | 0.030* | 26.5 | 1.04 (0.47–2.27) | 0.951 |
 Hear the teacher’s voice | ||||||
  Very easy | 36.1 | Referent | – | 31 | Referent | – |
  Neutral | 30.8 | 0.79 (0.24–2.52) | 0.691 | 32.7 | 2.24 (0.48–1.35) | 0.299 |
  Very difficult | 41.7 | 0.62 (0.17–2.60) | 0.471 | 16.7 | 2.42 (0.47–1.33) | 0.285 |
 Viewing the book/notebook | ||||||
  Very easy | 35.5 | Referent | – | 30.5 | Referent | – |
  Neutral | 37.9 | 0.68 (018–2.58) | 0.578 | 32.8 | 0.54 (0.14–2.06) | 0.225 |
  Very difficult | 44.4 | 0.76 (0.18–3.15) | 0.710 | 44.4 | 0.60 (0.14–2.53) | 0.365 |
 Homework | ||||||
  Just right | 26.7 | Referent | – | 22.2 | Referent | – |
  Not enough | 18.8 | 0.63 (0.34–1.16) | 0.145 | 16.5 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 0.257 |
  Too much | 44.3 | 2.19 (1.32–3.62) | 0.002* | 38.3 | 2.17 (1.27–3.70) | 0.004* |
 Position doing homework at home | ||||||
  Sitting on the floor | 33.3 | Referent | – | 32.5 | Referent | – |
  Sitting on the table and the chair | 30 | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) | 0.018* | 29.6 | 1.09 (0.73–1.61) | 0.661 |
  Lying on the floor | 44.1 | 0.54 (0.37–0.79) | 0.002* | 30.6 | 0.95 (0.64–1.42) | 0.823 |
 Schoolbag carriage variables | ||||||
  Type of school bag | ||||||
  Backpack | 35.9 | Referent | – | 31.4 | Referent | – |
  Other (shoulder bag/wheeled) | 29.4 | 1.34 (0.46–3.86) | 0.580 | 11.8 | 3.42 (0.77–15.11) | 0.104 |
School bag weight as % BW | ||||||
  ≤ 10 | 33.5 | Referent | – | 30.4 | Referent | – |
  > 10 | 37.2 | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.318 | 31.2 | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.837 |
 Time spent carrying school bag (min/day) | ||||||
  ≥ 20 | 36.3 | Referent | – | 29.2 | Referent | – |
  > 20 | 33.8 | 11.1 (0.74–1.65) | 0.602 | 36.8 | 0.71 (0.48–1.06) | 0.099 |
 Method of school bag carriage | ||||||
  Both shoulders | 34.2 | Referent | – | 30.6 | Referent | – |
  One shoulders | 44.2 | 1.06 (0.39–2.86) | 0.909 | 38.4 | 1.41 (0.88–2.26) | 0.147 |
  Other (by hands/wheels) | 33.3 | 1.58 (0.54–4.60) | 0.399 | 5.6 | 0.13 (0.01–1.01) | 0.051 |
 Method of travel to/from school | ||||||
  Car | 33 | Referent | – | 30.3 | Referent | – |
  Walk | 35.4 | 0.58 (0.32–0.95) | 0.032* | 29.7 | 0.71 (0.43–1.20) | 0.207 |
  Other | 45.9 | 0.64 (0.40–1.04) | 0.076 | 37.6 | 0.69 (0.42–1.14) | 0.157 |