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Table 2 School-related factors and risk of neck and shoulder pain in unadjusted (univariate) logistic regression analysis

From: Neck and shoulder pain among elementary school students: prevalence and its risk factors

Neck pain

Shoulder pain

 

%

OR (95% CI)

P value

%

OR (95% CI)

P value

Classroom furniture/layout design

 Seat height

  Just right

20.1

Referent

–

24

Referent

–

  Too high

37.2

2.76 (1.78–4.29)

0.001*

31.9

1.56 (1.02–2.38)

0.037*

  Too low

41.1

2.34 (1.35–4.06)

0.002*

33.1

1.47 (0.86–2.54)

0.157

 Seat backrest height

  Just right

35.1

Referent

–

29.4

Referent

–

  Too high

36.4

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

0.753

29.8

0.84 (0.59–1.20)

0.352

  Too low

35

1.06 (0.67–1.66)

0.792

33.1

0.85 (0.53–1.36)

0.516

 Seat backrest inclination

  Just right

36.4

Referent

–

19.4

Referent

–

  Too backward

37.8

1.53 (0.94–2.49)

0.084

31.7

2.07 (1.20–3.55)

0.008*

  Too forward

27.6

1.59 (0.93–2.72)

0.087

33.3

1.92 (1.06–3.48)

0.030*

 Seat backrest curvature

  Just right

36.7

Referent

–

27.2

Referent

–

  Too curved

41

1.12 (0.80–1.57)

0.502

34.6

1.44 (1.01–2.04)

0.039*

  Too flat

34.1

1.34 (0.81–2.21)

0.243

35.1

1.41 (0.84–2.37)

0.192

 Seat depth

  Just right

34.7

Referent

–

30.7

Referent

–

  Too deep

43.5

0.97 (0.70–1.35)

0.892

34.8

1.02 (0.72–1.43)

0.909

  Too narrow

35.2

1.41 (0.83–2.40)

0.196

30.2

1.23 (0.71–2.13)

0.460

 Seat width

  Just right

35.5

Referent

–

31.1

Referent

–

  Too deep

31

0.86 (0.58–1.25)

0.437

25.4

0.92 (0.62–1.36)

0.685

  Too narrow

39

0.70 (0.38–1.28)

0.248

32.9

0.69 (0.36–1.36)

0.260

 Desk height

  Just right

23.7

Referent

–

21.9

Referent

–

  Too high

37.9

2.64 (1.61–4.32)

0.001*

41.2

1.62 (1.06–2.47)

0.024*

  Too low

45

1.96 (1.30–2.96)

0.001*

31.3

2.50 (1.51–4.14)

0.001*

 Seat pan inclination

  Just right

28.3

Referent

–

31

Referent

–

  Too backward

44.7

1.51 (1.03–2.23)

0.033*

31.9

1.04 (0.71–1.53)

0.825

  Too forward

37.5

2.04 (1.05–3.98)

0.035*

30.1

1.08 (0.54–2.18)

0.814

 Seat-to-(black) board distance

  Just right

33.7

Referent

–

30.1

Referent

–

  Too near

39.4

0.98 (0.58–1.66)

0.958

30.3

086 (0.49–1.49)

0.592

  Too far

39.7

0.77 (0.52–1.13)

0.186

33.6

0.85 (0.57–1.27)

0.437

 Classroom teacher placement

  Just right

37.6

Referent

–

32.6

Referent

–

  Too near

29.9

0.95 (0.49–1.85)

0.890

26.9

1.08 (0.54–1.17)

0.811

  Too far

30.8

1.35 (0.86–2.11)

0.189

25.2

1.43 (0.89–2.29)

0.138

 Viewing the (black) board

  Very easy

24.5

Referent

–

31.9

Referent

–

  Neutral

43.2

1.69 (0.86–3.33)

0.124

27.4

1.29 (0.67–2.50)

0.441

  Very difficult

35.5

2.34 (1.08–5.04)

0.030*

26.5

1.04 (0.47–2.27)

0.951

 Hear the teacher’s voice

  Very easy

36.1

Referent

–

31

Referent

–

  Neutral

30.8

0.79 (0.24–2.52)

0.691

32.7

2.24 (0.48–1.35)

0.299

  Very difficult

41.7

0.62 (0.17–2.60)

0.471

16.7

2.42 (0.47–1.33)

0.285

 Viewing the book/notebook

  Very easy

35.5

Referent

–

30.5

Referent

–

  Neutral

37.9

0.68 (018–2.58)

0.578

32.8

0.54 (0.14–2.06)

0.225

  Very difficult

44.4

0.76 (0.18–3.15)

0.710

44.4

0.60 (0.14–2.53)

0.365

 Homework

  Just right

26.7

Referent

–

22.2

Referent

–

  Not enough

18.8

0.63 (0.34–1.16)

0.145

16.5

0.69 (0.36–1.31)

0.257

  Too much

44.3

2.19 (1.32–3.62)

0.002*

38.3

2.17 (1.27–3.70)

0.004*

 Position doing homework at home

  Sitting on the floor

33.3

Referent

–

32.5

Referent

–

  Sitting on the table and the chair

30

0.63 (0.43–0.92)

0.018*

29.6

1.09 (0.73–1.61)

0.661

  Lying on the floor

44.1

0.54 (0.37–0.79)

0.002*

30.6

0.95 (0.64–1.42)

0.823

 Schoolbag carriage variables

  Type of school bag

  Backpack

35.9

Referent

–

31.4

Referent

–

  Other (shoulder bag/wheeled)

29.4

1.34 (0.46–3.86)

0.580

11.8

3.42 (0.77–15.11)

0.104

School bag weight as % BW

  ≤ 10

33.5

Referent

–

30.4

Referent

–

  > 10

37.2

0.84 (0.61–1.17)

0.318

31.2

0.96 (0.69–1.34)

0.837

 Time spent carrying school bag (min/day)

  ≥ 20

36.3

Referent

–

29.2

Referent

–

  > 20

33.8

11.1 (0.74–1.65)

0.602

36.8

0.71 (0.48–1.06)

0.099

 Method of school bag carriage

  Both shoulders

34.2

Referent

–

30.6

Referent

–

  One shoulders

44.2

1.06 (0.39–2.86)

0.909

38.4

1.41 (0.88–2.26)

0.147

  Other (by hands/wheels)

33.3

1.58 (0.54–4.60)

0.399

5.6

0.13 (0.01–1.01)

0.051

 Method of travel to/from school

  Car

33

Referent

–

30.3

Referent

–

  Walk

35.4

0.58 (0.32–0.95)

0.032*

29.7

0.71 (0.43–1.20)

0.207

  Other

45.9

0.64 (0.40–1.04)

0.076

37.6

0.69 (0.42–1.14)

0.157

  1. *Statistically significant, −: Not available, CI Confidence interval, % Relative frequency, OR Odds Ratio