From: Neck and shoulder pain among elementary school students: prevalence and its risk factors
Neck pain | Shoulder pain | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | % | OR (95% CI) | P value | % | OR (95% CI) | P value |
Age (year) | ||||||
 < 10 | 38.2 | Referent | – | 29.1 | Referent | – |
 ≥ 10 | 33.9 | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | 0.237 | 32.3 | 0.86 (0.62–1.93) | 0.370 |
Gender | ||||||
 Boys | 33.3 | Referent | – | 26.7 | Referent | – |
 Girls | 37.9 | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) | 0.215 | 34.3 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.030* |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
 healthy weight (≥5th to <85th percentile) | 36.2 | Referent | – | 28.9 | Referent | – |
 under weight (<5th percentile) | 31.9 | 0.82 (0.43–1.57) | 0.561 | 31.9 | 1.15 (0.60–2.19) | 0.666 |
 extra weight (≥85th percentile) | 35.8 | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) | 0.918 | 35.8 | 1.36 (0.95–1.97) | 0.092 |
Hours per week playing sport (h) | ||||||
 < 1 | 39.7 | Referent | – | 27.2 | Referent | – |
 1–3 | 34.9 | 1.30 (0.77–2.18) | 0.342 | 32 | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) | 0.429 |
 > 3 | 33.7 | 1.05 (0.67–1.66) | 0.806 | 31.7 | 1.01 (0.63–1.60) | 0.963 |
Hours per day using a cell phone/tablet (h) | ||||||
 < 1 | 22.1 | Referent | – | 30.9 | Referent | – |
 1–3 | 35.4 | 2.11 (1.08–4.13) | 0.029* | 28.6 | 0.70 (0.39–1.26) | 0.239 |
 > 3 | 37.6 | 1.92 (0.95–3.87) | 0.068 | 38.9 | 2.12 (0.33–1.17) | 0.148 |
Hours per day using a computer (h) | ||||||
 < 1 | 36 | Referent | – | 31 | Referent | – |
 1–3 | 35.6 | 1.40 (0.43–4.52) | 0.570 | 28.8 | 0.80 (0.26–2.44) | 0.705 |
 > 3 | 28.6 | 1.38 (0.38–4.95) | 0.620 | 35.7 | 0.72 (0.23–2.49) | 0.614 |
Hours per day playing games (h)- | ||||||
 < 1 | 35.9 | Referent | 0.305 | 30.7 | Referent | 0.761 |
 1–3 | 38.8 | 1.54 (0.67–3.52) | 0.250 | 31.3 | 0.88 (0.40–1.93) | 0.846 |
 > 3 | 26.7 | 1.74 (0.67–4.49) |  | 33.3 | 0.91 (0.36–2.28) | |
Hours per day watching TV (h) | ||||||
 < 1 | 38.8 | Referent | – | 29.1 | Referent | – |
 1–3 | 35 | 1.22 (0.82–1.80) | 0.320 | 31.3 | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 0.499 |
 > 3 | 34.2 | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) | 0.843 | 32.7 | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 0.819 |