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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence interval of cardiovascular disease risk factors by lifestyle factors

From: Association of lifestyle factors with blood lipids and inflammation in adults aged 40 years and above: a population-based cross-sectional study in Taiwan

 

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

TG ≥ 1.695 mmol/L

TC ≥ 5.18 mmol/L

LDL-C ≥ 2.59 mmol/L

HDL-C ≤ 1.036 mmol/L

CRP ≥ 9.52 nmol/L

BG ≥ 5.556 mmol/L

Unadjusted model

 Smoking (Ref: Non-smoker)

  Inhale secondhand smoke

1.08 (1.01, 1.16)*

1.06 (1.00, 1.13)*

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

1.22 (1.11, 1.35)***

1.00 (0.83, 1.21)

1.11 (1.04, 1.18) ***

  Quit smoking

1.70 (1.62, 1.78)***

1.06 (1.01, 1.11)*

1.26 (1.20, 1.33)***

1.92 (1.80, 2.04)***

1.31 (1.15, 1.49)***

2.02 (1.93, 2.11) ***

  Smoker

2.10 (2.03, 2.17)***

1.03 (1.01, 1.07)*

1.18 (1.14, 1.22)***

2.88 (2.76, 3.00)***

1.42 (1.30, 1.55)***

2.48 (2.41, 2.56) ***

 Drinking alcohol (Ref: Not drinking)

   ≤ 1 glass/week

1.22 (1.17, 1.26)***

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)**

1.58 (1.51, 1.66)***

1.09 (0.98, 1.21)

1.35 (1.30, 140) ***

  2–3 glasses/week

1.77 (1.68, 1.86)***

1.08 (1.03, 1.13)**

1.02 (0.97, 1.08)

1.60 (1.50, 1.71)***

1.26 (1.10, 1.44)***

1.63 (1.55, 1.70)***

   ≥ 4 glasses/week

2.39 (2.26, 2.52)***

1.15 (1.09, 1.21)***

1.04 (0.98, 1.10)

1.77 (1.65, 1.90)***

1.46 (1.27, 1.68)***

1.84 (1.75, 1.94)***

 Physical activity (Ref: None)

   ≤ 2 h/week

1.14 (1.10, 1.18)***

0.91 (0.89, 0.94)***

1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

1.86 (1.78, 1.94)***

1.08 (0.99, 1.18)

1.29 (1.25, 1.32)***

  3–6 h/week

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)**

0.96 (0.93, 0.98)**

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

1.67 (1.59, 1.75)***

0.97 (0.87, 1.07)

1.25 (1.21, 1.29)***

   ≥ 7 h/week

0.96 (0.90, 1.01)

0.99 (0.95, 1.04)

1.10 (1.04, 1.16)***

1.47 (1.37, 1.58)***

0.99 (0.85, 1.15)

1.19 (1.13, 1.25)***

 Diet (Ref: No/low vegetables + high meat)

  Moderate (vegetables + meat)

0.87 (0.84, 0.90)***

0.95 (0.93, 0.98)**

0.91 (0.88, 0.94)***

0.81 (0.78, 0.85)***

0.89 (0.81, 0.97)**

0.83 (0.81, 0.86)***

  High vegetables + no/low meat

0.73 (0.71, 0.76)***

0.88 (0.85, 0.90)***

0.80 (0.78, 0.83)***

0.67 (0.64, 0.70)***

0.88 (0.81, 0.96)**

0.67 (0.65, 0.70)***

Adjusted modela

 Smoking (Ref: Non-smoker)

  Inhale secondhand smoke

0.97 (0.90, 1.05)

1.05 (0.99, 1.12)

1.04 (0.97, 1.12)

1.12 (1.01, 1.24)*

0.97 (0.80, 1.18)

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

  Quit smoking

1.06 (1.01, 1.12)*

1.04 (0.99, 1.10)

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

0.98 (0.91, 1.04)

1.11 (0.97, 1.28)

1.03 (0.98, 1.08)

  Smoker

1.44 (1.38, 1.50)***

1.08 (1.04, 1.12)***

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

1.60 (1.52, 1.68)***

1.33 (1.19, 1.47)***

1.49 (1.43, 1.55)***

 Drinking alcohol (Ref: Not drinking)

   ≤ 1 glass/week

0.88 (0.85, 0.92)***

0.98 (0.94, 1.01)

0.90 (0.87, 0.94)***

0.83 (0.79, 0.88)***

0.93 (0.84, 1.04)

0.78 (0.75, 0.81)***

  2–3 glasses/week

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

1.06 (1.01, 1.12)*

0.79 (0.75, 0.84)***

0.63 (0.59, 0.68)***

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

0.67 (0.63, 0.71)***

   ≥ 4 glasses/week

1.25 (1.18, 1.33)***

1.14 (1.08, 1.20)***

0.79 (0.74, 0.85)***

0.64 (0.59, 0.69)***

1.22 (1.05, 1.42)**

0.68 (0.64, 0.72)***

 Physical activity (Ref: None)

   ≤ 2 h/week

1.11 (1.07, 1.15)***

0.92 (0.89, 0.95)***

1.03 (0.99, 1.06)

1.94 (1.85, 2.03)***

1.10 (1.01, 1.21)*

1.34 (1.29, 1.38)***

  3–6 h/week

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)*

0.93 (0.90, 0.96)***

1.00 (0.96, 1.04)

1.73 (1.65, 1.82)***

0.93 (0.84, 1.03)

1.25 (1.20, 1.29)***

   ≥ 7 h/week

0.86 (0.81, 0.91)***

0.88 (0.84, 0.93)***

0.97 (0.91, 1.02)

1.45 (1.35, 1.57)***

0.79 (0.68, 0.92)**

1.07 (1.01, 1.13)*

 Diet (Ref: No/low vegetables + high meat)

  Moderate (vegetables + meat)

0.97 (0.94, 1.01)

0.95 (0.92, 0.97)***

0.91 (0.88, 0.94)***

0.93 (0.89, 0.97)**

0.91 (0.83, 0.99)*

0.91 (0.88, 0.94)***

  High vegetables + no/low meat

0.94 (0.91, 0.97)***

0.85 (0.83, 0.88)***

0.81 (0.78, 0.84)***

0.92 (0.88, 0.97)***

0.92 (0.84, 1.01)

0.84 (0.81, 0.87)***

  1. aThe model was adjusted for smoking, drinking, physical activity, diet, gender, age, education, marital status, history of cardiovascular disease, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
  2. TG Triglycerides, TC Total cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, BG Blood glucose
  3. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001
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BMC Public Health

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