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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by lifestyle factors

From: Association of lifestyle factors with blood lipids and inflammation in adults aged 40 years and above: a population-based cross-sectional study in Taiwan

 

Lifestyle factors, n = 114,082

Smoking

Drinking alcohol

Physical activity

High vegetable diet

n (%)

P-value

n (%)

P-value

n (%)

P-value

n (%)

P-value

All

33,108 (29.0)

 

30,264 (26.5)

 

52,305 (45.9)

 

62,089 (54.4)

 

Triglycerides

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Normal

22,446 (25.9)

 

21,174 (24.4)

 

39,375 (45.4)

 

48,361 (55.7)

 

 High (≥ 1.695 mmol/L)

10,662 (39.0)

 

9090 (33.3)

 

12,930 (47.4)

 

13,728 (50.3)

 

Total cholesterol

 

<  0.001

 

0.013

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Normal

16,921 (28.6)

 

15,514 (26.2)

 

27,569 (46.6)

 

32,838 (55.5)

 

 High (≥ 5.18 mmol/L)

16,187 (29.5)

 

14,750 (26.9)

 

24,736 (45.1)

 

29,251 (53.3)

 

LDL-C

 

<  0.001

 

0.003

 

0.016

 

<  0.001

 Normal

8178 (26.6)

 

7965 (25.9)

 

13,923 (45.3)

 

17,571 (57.1)

 

 High (≥ 2.59 mmol/L)

24,930 (29.9)

 

22,299 (26.8)

 

38,382 (46.1)

 

44,518 (53.4)

 

HDL-C

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Normal

26,767 (26.7)

 

25,406 (25.3)

 

44,382 (44.2)

 

55,507 (55.3)

 

 High (≥ 1.036 mmol/L)

6341 (46.3)

 

4858 (35.5)

 

7923 (57.9)

 

6582 (48.1)

 

CRP

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

0.430

 

0.014

 Normal

32,012 (28.9)

 

29,321 (26.4)

 

50,851 (45.8)

 

60,456 (54.5)

 

 High (≥ 9.52 nmol/L)

1096 (35.1)

 

943 (30.2)

 

1454 (46.5)

 

1633 (52.3)

 

Fasting blood glucose

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Normal

15,478 (22.8)

 

15,842 (23.3)

 

29,631 (43.6)

 

38,955 (57.3)

 

 High (≥ 5.556 mmol/L)

17,630 (38.3)

 

14,422 (31.3)

 

22,674 (49.3)

 

23,134 (50.3)

 

Gender

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Female

5449 (9.7)

 

6419 (11.4)

 

24,832 (44.0)

 

32,767 (58.1)

 

 Male

27,659 (48.0)

 

23,845 (41.3)

 

27,471 (47.9)

 

29,322(50.8)

 

Age group (years)

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 40–44

10,111 (31.4)

 

8060 (25.0)

 

13,934 (43.3)

 

14,875 (46.2)

 

 45–49

7296 (29.9)

 

6652 (27.3)

 

10,930 (44.8)

 

12,881 (52.8)

 

 50–54

5151 (28.2)

 

5065 (27.7)

 

8363 (45.8)

 

10,331 (56.6)

 

 55–59

3709 (26.3)

 

3788 (26.8)

 

6168 (43.7)

 

8458 (59.9)

 

 60–64

2934 (26.4)

 

3017 (27.1)

 

5741 (51.6)

 

6708 (60.3)

 

 ≥ 65

3907 (28.0)

 

3682 (26.4)

 

7169 (51.3)

 

8836 (63.3)

 

Education

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Primary school

6722 (26.3)

 

6450 (25.3)

 

13,284 (52.1)

 

13,875 (54.4)

 

 High school

11,785 (33.0)

 

11,167 (31.3)

 

16,734 (46.9)

 

18,458 (51.7)

 

 College

14,601 (27.6)

 

12,647 (23.9)

 

22,287 (42.3)

 

29,756 (56.3)

 

Marital status

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Single

950 (21.9)

 

761 (17.5)

 

1417 (32.7)

 

2283 (52.6)

 

 Married

29,337 (30.1)

 

26,777 (27.5)

 

45,187 (46.4)

 

52,807 (54.3)

 

 Widow/Divorced

2821 (22.7)

 

2726 (22.0)

 

5701 (46.0)

 

6999 (56.4)

 

History of CVD

 

0.262

 

0.640

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 No

31,814 (29.1)

 

29,064 (26.5)

 

49,956 (45.6)

 

59,459 (54.3)

 

 Yes

1294 (28.3)

 

1200 (26.2)

 

2349 (51.3)

 

2630 (54.4)

 

Weight status

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

0.003

 

<  0.001

 Non-overweight/obese

20,656 (26.4)

 

18,947 (24.3)

 

35,591 (45.6)

 

44,286 (56.7)

 

 Overweight/obese

12,452 (34.6)

 

11,317 (31.5)

 

16,714 (46.5)

 

17,803 (49.5)

 

Waist circumference (cm), M (SD)a

83.0 (9.2)

<  0.001

82.7 (9.2)

<  0.001

79.4 (9.5)

<  0.001

78.3 (9.4)

<  0.001

 Systolic blood pressure

 

0.005

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Normal

16,081 (28.6)

 

13,628 (24.3)

 

24,359 (43.4)

 

30,176 (53.7)

 

 ≥ 120 mmHg

17,027 (29.4)

 

16,636 (28.7)

 

27,946 (48.2)

 

31,913 (55.1)

 

Diastolic blood pressure

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 

0.288

 Normal

22,378 (27.8)

 

19,495 (24.3)

 

36,204 (45.0)

 

43,843 (54.5)

 

 ≥ 80 mmHg

10,730 (31.9)

 

10,769 (32.0)

 

16,101 (47.8)

 

18,246 (54.2)

 
  1. a Linear regression analysis was used to determine the mean (M) difference and standard deviation (SD)
  2. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease
  3. The p-values ≤0.05 are presented in bold