Table 3 Odds ratios (95%) for receiving help (vs not receiving help) for emotional problems
Groups | Iraq group (n = 791) | Afghan group (n = 477) | Total group (n = 1268) a | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | Bivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | Bivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable odds ratios (95% CI) | p value | |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
Country of birth | ||||||||||||
Iraq (ref.) | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Afghanistan | – | – | – | – | 0.93 (0.0.73–1.22) | 0.654 | 1.38 (0.94–2.03) | 0.105 | ||||
Mean age | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.186 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.022 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (1.11–1.02) | 0.028 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 0.582 | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.381 | 1.55 (1.08–2.24) | 0.019 | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) | 0.429 | 1.24 (1.00–1.53) | 0.055 | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.804 |
Education | ||||||||||||
Never attended school (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
9 or less years school | 0.77 (0.39–1.51) | 0.456 | 1.64 (0.73–3.66) | 0.231 | 0.68 (0.44–1.03) | 0.066 | 1.01 (0.61–1.65) | 0.981 | 0.86 (0.61–1.19) | 0.354 | 1.13 (0.74–1.71) | 0.571 |
10 or more years schooling | 0.45 (0.22–0.92) | 0.029 | 0.76 (0.33–1.76) | 0.518 | 0.73 (0.39–1.35) | 0.315 | 1.03 (0.49–2.16) | 0.931 | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) | 0.013 | 0.69 (0.43–1.13) | 0.138 |
Post-school education | 0.42 (0.20–0.86) | 0.019 | 0.56 (0.23–1.34) | 0.192 | 0.77 (0.25–2.39) | 0.647 | 1.02 (0.29–3.62) | 0.979 | 0.57 (0.37–0.89) | 0.013 | 0.52 (0.30–0.91) | 0.022 |
Location | ||||||||||||
Major city (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
Regional Australia | 0.81 (0.05–13.08) | 0.883 | 2.37 (0.15–37.83) | 0.541 | 1.26 (0.74–2.16) | 0.394 | 0.90 (0.48–1.68) | 0.734 | 1.17 (0.52–1.92) | 0.545 | 1.06 (0.55–2.02) | 0.870 |
Time in Australia | ||||||||||||
Less than 6 months (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
6 months or more | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 0.238 | 1.19 (0.68–2.08) | 0.537 | 0.54 (0.33–0.89) | 0.015 | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | 0.299 | 0.66 (0.47–0.92) | 0.014 | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.776 |
Importance of religion | ||||||||||||
Very important (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Important | 0.64 (0.44–0.93) | 0.019 | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 0.448 | 0.52 (0.31–0.89) | 0.017 | 0.60 (0.34–1.05) | 0.073 | 0.59 (0.44–0.81) | 0.001 | 0.69 (0.49–0.96) | 0.030 |
Not very important/ no religion^ | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) | 0.473 | 1.11 (0.36–3.45) | 0.861 | 0.79 (0.36–1.75) | 0.568 | 0.92 (0.40–2.13) | 0.850 | 0.76 (0.43–1.36) | 0.451 | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | 0.981 |
Frequency of difficulty travelling to where needs to go | ||||||||||||
Never (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Some of the time | 2.57 (1.65–3.99) | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.33–3.60) | 0.002 | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) | 0.941 | 0.71 (0.36–1.41) | 0.328 | 1.79 (1.23–2.54) | 0.001 | 1.29 (0.86–1.91) | 0.221 |
Always/ most of the time | 2.19 (1.44–3.32) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (0.88–2.26) | 0.153 | 1.29 (0.73–2.26) | 0.381 | 0.68 (0.36–1.26) | 0.221 | 1.80 (1.23–2.52) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.70–1.45) | 0.911 |
General health and psychological measures | ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Excellent/ very good (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Good/ fair | 2.15 (1.38–3.34) | 0.001 | 0.89 (0.51–1.54) | 0.675 | 1.82 (1.20–2.77) | 0.005 | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 0.288 | 1.75 (1.31–2.35) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.75–1.54) | 0.701 |
Poor/ very poor | 7.32 (4.45–12.04) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (0.62–2.55) | 0.518 | 3.50 (1.70–7.22) | 0.001 | 1.31 (0.52–3.31) | 0.563 | 5.13 (3.54–7.43) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (0.90–2.56) | 0.114 |
Disability or long-term health condition | ||||||||||||
Has disability or health condition (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
No disability or health condition | 0.24 (0.17–0.32) | < 0.001 | 0.44 (0.28–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.39–1.29) | 0.259 | 0.29 (0.23–0.38) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.39–0.77) | 0.001 |
Number of potentially traumatic events | ||||||||||||
1 event (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2–3 events | 2.06 (1.30–3.25) | 0.002 | 1.92 (1.11–3.31) | 0.019 | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) | 0.111 | 0.57 (0.32–1.03) | 0.065 | 1.29 (0.92–1.83) | 0.144 | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | 0.529 |
4 or more events | 2.15 (1.40–3.31) | 0.001 | 1.67 (0.98–2.84) | 0.057 | 1.39 (0.79–2.42) | 0.253 | 1.15 (0.62–2.14) | 0.656 | 1.65 (1.19–2.29) | 0.003 | 1.29 (0.88–1.90) | 0.192 |
No response | 0.98 (0.51–1.88) | 0.942 | 1.28 (0.55–2.97) | 0.568 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 0.170 | 0.71 (0.38–1.31) | 0.273 | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) | 0.384 | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | 0.668 |
Probable PTSD | ||||||||||||
Unlikely PTSD (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Likely PTSD | 3.43 (2.53–4.64) | < 0.001 | 1.58 (1.02–2.44) | < 0.039 | 1.79 (1.11–2.88) | 0.017 | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | 0.603 | 2.64 (2.07–3.37) | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.03–1.96) | 0.034 |
Psychological distress (K6) | ||||||||||||
K6 mean score | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | < 0.001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.058 | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | < 0.001 |