Regular exercise and the trajectory of health-related quality of life among Taiwanese adults: a cohort study analysis 2006–2014

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of HRQOL and covariates at 4 waves

	Wave 1 (N = 6182)	Wave 2 (N = 4268)	Wave 3 (N = 3424)	Wave 4 (N = 2407)
PCS score^a	53.0 ± 7.3	53.6 ± 6.8	53.4 ± 7.1	53.2 ± 7.1
MCS score^a	49.7 ± 8.8	50.6 ± 8.3	50.9 ± 8.3	52.2 ± 8.1
Time-constant covariates
Gender (female)^e	54.7%
Age (years)^a	53.5 ± 13.1
30–64 years old	80.2%
≧65 years old	19.8%
Education (years)^a	10.1 ± 4.7
Time-varying covariates
Time (years)^a,b	0 ± 0	2.1 ± 0.3	1.9 ± 0.9	2.9 ± 0.5
Marital status
Living with the spouse	89.0%	89.4%	87.6%	87.6%
Living alone	11.0%	10.6%	12.4%	12.4%
Tobacco smoking (yes)	18.0%	14.0%	11.4%	11.0%
Betel-nut chewing (yes)	3.2%	2.0%	1.4%	1.0%
Psychiatric disorder (CHQ-12≧4)^e	26.3%	21.6%	18.9%	17.2%
# of chronic diseases^a,c	1.6 ± 1.4	1.7 ± 1.5	2.0 ± 1.5	2.0 ± 1.5
# of Medications^a,d	0.1 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.4
Regular exercise status
No exercise	36.9%	35.5%	38.4%	36.7%
Irregular exercise	40.0%	41.7%	37.8%	35.3%
<150 min	10.4%	10.0%	9.6%	9.5%
150–299 min	5.7%	5.9%	6.8%	8.1%
≧300 min	7.0%	6.9%	7.3%	10.3%

Abbreviations: HRQOL Health-related quality of life, PCS Physical component summary, MCS Mental component summary, CHQ-12 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
^aMean ± SD (standard deviation)
^bTime interval between two adjacent waves
^cSelf-reported and/or diagnosed chronic diseases, including T2DM, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney disease, cardiac disease, stroke, hepatic disease, gout, osteoporosis, asthma, psychiatric disease, nerve-related disease, intestinal disease, Tuberculosis, and metabolic syndrome
^d4 pills, including refreshing drugs, sleeping pills, sedative medicine, and painkiller
^eThe reference group: gender (male), psychiatric disorder (CHQ-12 = 0–3)

ISSN: 1471-2458