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Table 3 The relationship between income inequality and infant mortality controlling for individual and state-level characteristics

From: State-level income inequality and mortality among infants born in the United States 2007–2010: A Cohort Study

 

2007

2008

2009

2010

 

Odds for Infant Mortality

Odds for Infant Mortality

Odds for Infant Mortality

Odds for Infant Mortality

 

Crude

Adjusted

Crude

Adjusted

Crude

Adjusted

Crude

Adjusted

 

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

State characteristics

 Gini Z-score

1.11

(1.05,1.18)

1.01

(1.00,1.07)

1.06

(1.00,1.13)

0.98

(0.94,1.01)

1.10

(1.04,1.17)

1.01

(0.95,1.08)

1.09

(1.10,1.16)

1.04

(0.97,1.11)

 Change in Gini Z-score

0.94

(0.93,0.96)

1.03

(1.00,1.07)

0.96

(0.91,1.02)

1.04

(1.01,1.08)

0.94

(0.89,0.99)

1.03

(0.98,1.08)

0.94

(0.89,0.99)

1.06

(1.00,1.12)

 State Median Income Z-score

  

0.91

(0.87,0.95)

  

0.92

(0.87,0.96)

  

0.96

(0.88,1.04)

  

0.82

(0.78,0.87)

 Proportion non-Hispanic black Z-score

  

1.01

(0.97,1.05)

  

0.99

(0.95,1.03)

  

0.98

(0.93,1.03)

  

0.96

(0.90,1.03)

 Proportion Poor Z-score

  

0.91

(0.86,0.97)

  

0.92

(0.87,0.98)

  

0.99

(0.89,1.09)

  

0.94

(0.83,1.06)

 State Population Z-score

  

0.99

(0.97,1.01)

  

1.00

(0.98,1.02)

  

0.98

(0.95,1.01)

  

0.99

(0.96,1.03)

 Census Division (ref: New Engl)

           

 Middle Atlantic

  

0.97

(0.89,1.06)

  

1.03

(0.94,1.14)

  

1.00

(0.87,1.15)

  

1.13

(0.97,1.32)

 East North Central

  

1.16

(1.05,1.28)

  

1.19

(1.06,1.33)

  

1.21

(1.04,1.40)

  

1.34

(1.13,1.59)

 West North Central

  

1.11

(1.00,1.23)

  

1.14

(1.01,1.28)

  

1.03

(0.89,1.19)

  

1.19

(1.00,1.42)

 South Atlantic

  

1.17

(1.05,1.31)

  

1.22

(1.08,1.38)

  

1.18

(1.00,1.38)

  

1.36

(1.11,1.65)

 East South Central

  

1.29

(1.15,1.45)

  

1.38

(1.22,1.56)

  

1.23

(1.02,1.48)

  

1.52

(1.22,1.89)

 West South Central

  

1.19

(1.07,1.33)

  

1.23

(1.09,1.39)

  

1.18

(0.99,1.40)

  

1.43

(1.15,1.78)

 Mountain

  

1.20

(1.07,1.35)

  

1.13

(0.99,1.28)

  

1.14

(0.96,1.36)

  

1.25

(1.04,1.52)

 Pacific

  

1.07

(0.96,1.19)

  

1.07

(0.95,1.21)

  

1.02

(0.86,1.21)

  

1.12

(0.93,1.35)

Individual Characteristics

 Mother’s Age (years)

  

1.00

(0.99,1.00)

  

0.99

(0.99,1.00)

  

0.99

(0.99,1.00)

  

1.00

(0.99,1.01)

 Mother’s Race (ref: non-Hispanic white)

  non-Hispanic black

  

1.91

(1.85,1.98)

  

1.88

(1.82,1.95)

  

1.90

(1.84,1.97)

  

1.83

(1,77,1.90)

  American Indian

  

1.35

(1.21,1.50)

  

1.23

(1.10,1.38)

  

1.38

(1.24,1.55)

  

1.30

(1.16,1.47)

  Asian or Pacific Islander

  

1.16

(1.08,1.25)

  

1.13

(1.05,1.22)

  

1.16

(1.08,1.26)

  

1.14

(1.06,1.23)

  Hispanic

  

0.97

(0.93,1.01)

  

0.98

(0.94,1.03)

  

0.96

(0.92,1.01)

  

0.98

(0.93,1.02)

 Education (ref: less than HS)

           

  High School

  

0.90

(0.87,0.93)

  

0.88

(0.85,0.91)

  

0.88

(0.85,0.91)

  

0.91

(0.87,0.94)

  Post-Secondary

  

0.68

(0.65,0.70)

  

0.67

(0.65,0.70)

  

0.67

(0.64,0.69)

  

0.68

(0.66,0.71)

 Marital Status (ref: coupled)

  Single

  

1.35

(1.31,1.39)

  

1.31

(1.27,1.35)

  

1.32

(1.28,1.36)

  

1.34

(1.30,1.38)

 Nativity (ref: born outside USA)

            

  US born

  

1.26

(1.21,1.31)

  

1.29

(1.24,1.35)

  

1.32

(1.27,1.38)

  

1.29

(1.24,1.35)

 Birth Order (ref: first)

  Second

  

1.01

(0.98,1.04)

  

1.03

(1.00,1.08)

  

1.04

(1.00,1.07)

  

1.03

(0.99,1.07)

  Third

  

1.06

(1.02,1.11)

  

1.12

(1.08,1.16)

  

1.10

(1.06,1.15)

  

1.10

(1.33,1.44)

  Fourth or more

  

1.33

(1.28,1.38)

  

1.41

(1.35,1.46)

  

1.36

(1.31,1.42)

  

1.38

(1.33,1.44)