Table 1 Nine stages of community readiness from the Community Readiness Tool (adapted from Oetting et al. [11])

1

No awareness

Issue is not generally recognized by the community or leaders as a problem (or it may truly not be an issue).

2

Denial/Resistance

At least some community members recognize that it is a concern, but there is little recognition that it might be occurring locally and not support to provide resources to address the issue

3

Vague awareness

Some feel that there is a local concern, but there is no immediate motivation to do anything about it.

4

Preplanning

There is clear recognition that something should be done, and there may even be a group addressing it. However, efforts are not focused or detailed.

5

Preparation

Active leaders begin planning in earnest. Community offers modest support of efforts.

6

Initiation

Enough information is available to justify efforts. Activities are underway and some resources exist.

7

Stabilisation

Activities are supported by community leadership, administrators or community decision makers. Staff are trained and experienced.

8

Expansion/Confirmation

Leadership plays a key role, majority of community strongly support action, considerable allocated resources.

9

Community ownership

Most community members have considerable and detailed knowledge of efforts, leadership is highly engaged, diversified resources and funds are secured.