Table 6 Matrix of strategies, theory-based methods, practical applications of changing physical inactivity: examples
Phases of change | POs | Mediators | Moderators | PPOs | Strategies | Evidence-based Methods | IF | AND | THEN-Interventions | Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precontemplation | PO1 | Motivation | Risk Perception | PPO2 | Dynamic monitoring and individualized, immediate feedback | Monitor and provide feedback on performance (e.g. salt intake) of the behavior. Monitor and provide feedback on the outcome (e.g. blood pressure) of the behavior. | PA frequency < 5 times a week or PA time < 15 min a day or patients’ steps < 6500 steps a day | Fasting blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L or arbitrary blood glucose > 11.1 mmol/L | Mr. Wang, You have a bad control in blood glucose at present. Regular physical activity can effectively reduce blood glucose. Do you know the risk of Hyperglycemia for coronary heart disease? This video will tell you. | Video |
Contemplation | PO2 | Motivation | Self-Efficacy | PPO7 | Role model | Use the story of a role model who has healthy behaviors | PA frequency < 5 times a week or PA time < 15 min a day or patients’ steps < 6500 steps a day | Making a specific and individualized PA action plans | Do you remember Mr. Zhang, he was in the hospital near your bed in the same ward, whose illness and age are similar to yours? Mr. Zhang has kept a regular PA. His blood pressure and blood glucose level are now normal. We believe you could do equally well. Keep it up! | Text with voice |
Action | PO3 | Volition | Coping Planning | PPO20 | Individualization | Provide personalized coping strategies according to barriers patients meet during the process of behavior change | Regular PA for several days but patients’ steps < 6500 steps today | Making a specific and individualized PA action planning | Mr. Wang, your physical activity report shows that you have done well in recent days. But you did not make much progress today. I guess there were some causes for this. Please answer the questionnaire and so we can try to understand the reason that you did not keep up with your regular physical activity. | text-messaging and a link to a questionnaire |
Maintenance | PO3 | Volition | Behavioral enjoyment | PPO18 | Experience of success or enjoyment | Material rewards will be given to the participants after each goal is completed, such as scores, small red packets (or coupons) which can be exchanged for gifts. | PA frequency > 5 times a week and PA time > 15 min a day or patients’ steps > 6500 steps a day | Maintaining regular PA for 6 months or above | Scores + 60, Rank + 3, monetary incentives sent at random | System setting |