From: Association of genetic and behavioral characteristics with the onset of diabetes
Characteristic | Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Analytic sample (n = 15,190) | Non-Hispanic whites (n = 12,090) | Non-Hispanic blacks (n = 3100) | |
Male | 1.070 (0.982, 1.166) | 1.071 (0.971, 1.183) | 0.981 (0.819, 1.176) |
Non-Hispanic white | 0.735 (0.659, 0.819) | NA | NA |
Foreign-born | 0.944 (0.778, 1.146) | 0.892 (0.706, 1.126) | 1.059 (0.749, 1.496) |
Education | |||
Less than high school (reference group) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school/GED | 1.018 (0.904, 1.147) | 0.986 (0.856, 1.135) | 1.023 (0.821, 1.274) |
Some college | 1.003 (0.880, 1.143) | 0.986 (0.846, 1.149) | 0.980 (0.763, 1.259) |
College or above | 0.892 (0.773, 1.029) | 0.875 (0.741, 1.033) | 0.955 (0.713, 1.278) |
Married/partnered | 1.597 (1.447, 1.763) | 1.594 (1.419, 1.790) | 1.540 (1.288, 1.840) |
Employment status | |||
Employed (reference group) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.981 (0.772, 1.247) | 0.816 (0.593, 1.123) | 1.383 (0.953, 2.007) |
Retired | 0.599 (0.540, 0.665) | 0.568 (0.503, 0.642) | 0.738 (0.604, 0.902) |
Disabled | 1.932 (1.498, 2.491) | 1.818 (1.270, 2.602) | 2.247 (1.533, 3.294) |
Not in labor force | 0.919 (0.770, 1.097) | 0.862 (0.707, 1.052) | 1.189 (0.786, 1.801) |
Income | 0.907 (0.867, 0.950) | 0.889 (0.841, 0.941) | 0.953 (0.878, 1.035) |
Wealth | 0.920 (0.899, 0.942) | 0.912 (0.885, 0.939) | 0.949 (0.913, 0.987) |
Medicare | 0.190 (0.168, 0.214) | 0.173 (0.150, 0.199) | 0.253 (0.199, 0.320) |
Medicaid | 1.032 (0.864, 1.232) | 0.993 (0.763, 1.292) | 1.136 (0.893, 1.445) |
Health insurance | 1.034 (0.950, 1.127) | 0.996 (0.903, 1.098) | 1.191 (0.999, 1.420) |
BMI | 1.086 (1.079, 1.093) | 1.098 (1.090, 1.107) | 1.057 (1.045, 1.069) |
Regular exerciser | 1.002 (0.923, 1.089) | 1.076 (0.980, 1.183) | 0.833 (0.699, 0.994) |
Smoking status | |||
Never smoker (reference group) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Current smoker | 1.370 (1.211, 1.550) | 1.382 (1.192, 1.602) | 1.320 (1.044, 1.667) |
Former smoker | 1.076 (0.989, 1.171) | 1.034 (0.940, 1.138) | 1.228 (1.029, 1.465) |
Heavy drinker | 0.808 (0.699, 0.933) | 0.779 (0.660, 0.921) | 0.940 (0.705, 1.253) |
High blood pressure | 1.852 (1.700, 2.016) | 1.898 (1.724, 2.090) | 1.564 (1.290, 1.896) |
Cardiovascular disease | 1.112 (1.016, 1.216) | 1.142 (1.032, 1.263) | 1.053 (0.858, 1.294) |
Arthritis | 0.790 (0.729, 0.855) | 0.771 (0.704, 0.845) | 0.845 (0.716, 0.998) |
Concordance | 0.874 | 0.872 | 0.835 |