Table 2 Characteristics of Included Studies
Study ID | Study design | Data collection | Sample size (n) | Response rate (%) | Study location | Study population | Study demographics | MW outcome(s) investigated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams et al. [82] | Cross-sectional | Self-report online survey | 196 | 33.9 | Wisconsin and Illinois, USA | Police officers from 12 police departments in Wisconsin (n = 11) or Illinois (n = 1) | Male (n = 122); female (n = 69); did not provide information on gender (n = 5) Mean age ± (standard deviation) SD: 39.24 ± 10.33 years Mean tenure ± SD: 11.6 ± 9.01 years | PD EE |
Adebayo et al. [83] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 214 | 88.8 | Nigeria | Various junior rankings of the Nigeria police | Male (n = 132); female (n = 82) Mean age ± SD: 33.65 ± 7.28 years Rank: constables (33.3%); corporals (29.0%); sergeants (20.0%); inspectors (16.4%) Education: primary school certificate (14.0%); secondary school certificate (17.8%); national certificate in education / ordinary national diploma (17.8%) Mean tenure ± SD: 11.85 ± 5.37 years | EE |
Arial et al. [84] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 354 | 65.9 | Switzerland | Police officers from a Swiss cantonal administration. Female officers not included due to small sample size and potential gender effects on symptoms and stressors | Male (n = 354) Mean age ± SD: 39.7 ± 8.9 years Education: lower or intermediate educational level (n = 341); higher vocational education or university (n = 13) Marital status: single, divorced/separated (n = 80); married/cohabiting (n = 274) Mean tenure ± SD: 14.3 ± 10.1 years; 0–5 years (n = 97); > 5–10 years (n = 65); > 10–15 years (n = 33); > 15–20 years (n = 46); > 20–25 years (n = 49); more than 25 years (n = 64) | PS |
Backteman- Erlanson et al. [85] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 1554 | 56.0 | Sweden | Police officers who work on patrol | Male (n = 419); female (n = 437) Mean age ± SD: 37 ± 34 years Marital status: married/living together (n = 670) Mean tenure ± SD: 9 ± 11.1 years | EE DP |
Berg et al. [86] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 3272 | 51.0 | Norway | Police officer members of the largest police industrial organisation in Norway, The Norwegian Police Union (95% of the police service are voluntary members) | Male (n = 2692); female (n = 501) Mean age ± SD: 38.9 ± 8.7 years; 20–29 years (n = 509); 30–39 years (n = 1175); 40–49 years (n = 1047); 50–59 years (n = 430) Marital status: married/common law (n = 2715); separated/divorced (n = 164) | Anxiety Depression EE DP PA Suicidal Ideation |
Chen et al. [87] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 832 | 69.3 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan | Police officers in Kaohsiung (population of 1.5 million and about 4300 policemen) | Male (93.3%) (n = 776); female (6.7%) (n = 56) Mean age ± SD: 39.49 ± 6.65 years; ≤ 34 years (n = 202); 35–49 years (n = 556); ≥ 50 years (n = 74) Education: finished education to junior level (49.9%); senior high school or below (n = 264); junior college (n = 415); university or above (n = 153) | Depression |
Crank et al. [88] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 1427 | 71.4 | USA | Police chiefs (municipal police organisations) or sheriffs (county police agencies) | Race: Caucasian (n = 1279); Hispanic Americans (n = 77); African Americans (n = 23); Other (i.e. Native American or Korean) (n = 25) Education: college education (n = 819); post graduate experience (n = 221) Police chiefs average years of experience (14 years) | Occupational Stress |
Houdmont et al. [89] | Cross-sectional | Self-report online questionnaire | 1226 | 48.0 | England | Officers of the federated ranks (constable, sergeant, inspector) from 2 English county forces. | Male (n = 721); female (n = 505) Age: ≤ 41 years (n = 539); ≥ 42 years (n = 633) Rank: constable (n = 990); sergeant (n = 188); inspector (n = 48) Departmental tenure: ≤ 9 years (n = 1019); 10–19 years (n = 184); 20–29 years (n = 23) Length of service: ≤ 10 years (n = 390); 11–20 years (n = 568); 21–30 years (n = 268) | PD EE DP PA |
Janzen et al. [90] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 78 | All police employees: 55.4 Response rate for police officers: not reported | Canada | Police officers from a police department of a middle sized Canadian city. | Male (64.0%) (n = 50); female (36.0%) (n = 28) Mean age ± SD: 36.1 ± 8.0 years Education: university degree or college diploma (68.0%) Marital status: married or living with a partner (82.0%) Policing for 16 years or more (1/3 of respondents) Policing for 6–15 years (24.0%) Policing for 5 years or less (44.0%) | PD |
Martinussen et al. [91] | Cross-sectional | Self-report questionnaire | 223 | 45.0 | Norway | Norwegian police officers, recruited from one of the larger police districts in Norway | Male (n = 173); female (n = 48) No gender information (n = 2) Mean age ± SD: 36.8 ± 8.30 years Education: mean years of education after primary school± SD: 5.90 ± 1.70 years Marital status: married or living with partner (76.0%) Mean years in current position ± SD: 3.80 ± 3.60 years Employed full time (96.0%) | EE DP PA |
McCarty et al. [92] | Cross-sectional | Self-report online survey | 2078 | 57.0 | USA | Law enforcement personnel representing 12 law enforcement agencies across the United States | Males (n = 1727); females (n = 330) Race: African American (n = 221); White (n = 1299); Hispanic (n = 345); Other (n = 158) Education: less than BA (n = 874); BA or more (n = 1106) Mean years on the job ± SD: 17.17 ± 10.15 years | EE |
Morash et al. [93] | Cross-sectional | Self-report survey | 947 | 46.2 | USA | Police officers from 11 police departments in the USA | Male (n = 706); female (n = 241) Mean age ± SD: 3.13 ± 0.93 years (ordinal scale ranging from younger than 20 years to older than 60 years) Race: White non- Hispanic (n = 778); Other (n = 169) | Occupational Stress |
Morash et al. [96] | Cross-sectional | Self-report survey | 686 | 96.0 | South Korea | Police officers from 11 police departments in Chungbuk Province, South Korea | Males (n = 662) Female (n = 34) Mean age ± SD: 3.31 ± 1.24 years; > 30 years (88.6%) Education: bachelor’s degree or higher (n = 258) Marital status: married or steady state (n = 480); no partner (n = 206) Mean length of service ± SD: 2.87 ± 1.74 years | Occupational Stress |
Mostert et al. [94] | Cross-sectional | Self-report survey | 1794 | Not reported | South Africa | Police officers from 8 provinces in South Africa | Male (n = 1172); female (n = 259) Mean age ± SD: 34.53 ± 6.23 years Rank: constable (n = 110); sergeant (n = 278); inspector (n = 775); captain (n = 226); superintendent (n = 35); senior superintendent (n = 7) Race: White (n = 574); Black (n = 559); Coloured (n = 206); Indian (n = 56); Race not indicated (n = 36) Education: grade 10 (n = 140); grade 11 (n = 71); grade 12 (n = 835); technical college diploma (n = 42); tecknikon diploma (n = 289); university degree (n = 24); postgraduate degree (n = 30) Marital status: single (n = 283); married (n = 787); divorced (n = 322); separated (n = 26); remarried (n = 13) Mean number of years in the police ± SD: 12.98 ± 6.21 years Mean number of years in current position ± SD: 4.28 ± 3.15 years | EE DP |
Xavier et al. [95] | Cross-sectional | Self-report survey | 296 | Not reported | South India | Police officers and sub inspectors from Tamil Nadu | Not reported | Burnout (composite measure of EE, DP and PA) EE DP PA |