From: Caregiver perceptions of child development in rural Madagascar: a cross-sectional study
 | Model (1) | Model (2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Under-estimation | Over-estimation | Under-estimation | Over-estimation | |
 | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Child Characteristics | ||||
 Age (months) | 0.97** (0.94–0.99) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.96** (0.94–0.99) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
 Gender | 0.89 (0.70–1.12) | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
 Birth Order | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) |
 HAZ | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.71** (0.66–0.76) | – | – |
 WAZ | – | – | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.80** (0.74–0.85) |
Caregiver Characteristics | ||||
 Age (years) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
 Education |  |  |  |  |
 No school [ref] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Primary or less | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) |
 Secondary or Higher | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | 0.70** (0.54–0.91) | 0.92 (0.57–1.49) | 0.72* (0.56–0.93) |
 Depression Score | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
Belief of influence on child intelligence | ||||
 None [ref] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Some | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.97 (0.78–1.22) |
 A lot | 0.68* (0.49–0.94) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.68* (0.49–0.94) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) |
Household Characteristics | ||||
 Household Size | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
 Family Care Indicator Score | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) |
Wealth Quintiles | ||||
 Q1 (lowest) [ref] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Q2 | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.91 (0.71–1.15) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) |
 Q3 | 0.84 (0.54–1.32) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) |
 Q4 | 0.95 (0.59–1.52) | 0.90 (0.71–1.13) | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) |
 Q5 (highest) | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | 0.70 (0.42–1.16) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) |