Table 5 Analyses for repeated high systolic and diastolic blood pressure according to maternal and child characteristics
From: Repeated high blood pressure at 6 and 11 years at the Pelotas 2004 birth cohort study
Characteristics | Repeated High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | (95% CI) | P * | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | P * | |
Sex | 0.440 | 0.790 | ||||
Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 0.78 | (0.42–1.47) | 0.91 | (0.45–1.84) | ||
Skin color | 0.201 | 0.180 | ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Non-white | 1.52 | (0.81–2.85) | 1.54 | (0.82–2.91) | ||
Gestational diabetes | 0.197 | 0.198 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 2.41 | (0.73–7.96) | 2.20 | (0.66–7.31) | ||
HBP in pregnancy | 0.613 | 0.686 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.20 | (0.60–2.42) | 1.16 | (0.56–2.39) | ||
Mothers’ age at childbirth | 0.177 | 0.159 | ||||
≤ 20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
21–25 | 1.25 | (0.43–3.61) | 1.28 | (0.44–3.73) | ||
26–30 | 2.60 | (0.99–6.81) | 2.71 | (1.03–7.13) | ||
> 30 | 1.73 | (0.65–4.63) | 1.79 | (0.67–4.83) | ||
Family history hypertension | 0.748 | 0.703 | ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
From mother | 0.94 | (0.32–2.71) | 0.83 | (0.27–2.61) | ||
From father | 1.05 | (0.36–3.05) | 1.01 | (0.34–3.01) | ||
From both | 2.49 | (0.58–10.73) | 2.36 | (0.49–11.35) | ||
Household income (quintiles) | 0.252 | 0.352 | ||||
1 (poorest) | 0.61 | (0.25–1.47) | 0.63 | (0.24–1.63) | ||
2 | 0.50 | (0.20–1.25) | 0.50 | (019–1.32) | ||
3 | 0.51 | (0.20–1.28) | 0.56 | (0.21–1.46) | ||
4 | 0.33 | (0.12–0.94) | 0.36 | (0.13–1.03) | ||
5 (wealthiest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |||
Smoking during pregnancy | 0.935 | 0.939 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.03 | (0.51–2.07) | 1.03 | (0.44–2.41) | ||
Birth weight | 0.741 | 0.319 | ||||
≥ 2500 g | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
< 2500 g | 1.20 | (0.42–3.39) | 0.51 | (0.13–1.92) | ||
Weight-for-gestational age | 0.346 | 0.355 | ||||
Small | 1.75 | (0.80–3.85) | 1.67 | (0.76–3.69) | ||
Adequate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Large | 0.73 | (0.17–3.05) | 0.68 | (0.16–2.89) | ||
Gestational age (weeks) | 0.259 | 0.186 | ||||
< 34 | 1.24 | (0.17–9.19) | 1.28 | (0.17–9.56) | ||
34–36 | 2.02 | (0.92–4.44) | 2.09 | (0.95–4.62) | ||
≥ 37 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Physical activity at 11 years of age | 0.773 | 0.380 | ||||
Active | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
No Active | 1.11 | (0.54–2.30) | 1.40 | (0.66–2.96) | ||
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) | 0.713 | 0.842 | ||||
1 (lowest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
2 | 0.97 | (0.38–2.45) | 1.15 | (0.45–2.96) | ||
3 | 1.08 | (0.44–2.68) | 1.12 | (0.43–2.93) | ||
4 | 0.54 | (0.18–1.63) | 0.58 | (017–1.98) | ||
5 (highest) | 0.76 | (0.28–2.05) | 0.95 | (0.30–3.01) | ||
Weekly consumption of chips | 0.271 | 0.249 | ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Up to 1 package | 0.56 | (0.24–1.33) | 0.57 | (0.24–1.38) | ||
2 packages | 0.33 | (0.11–1.00) | 0.32 | (0.11–0.99) | ||
≥ 3 packages | 0.48 | (0.16–1.43) | 0.47 | (0.15–1.44) | ||
BMI-for-age (11 years old – Z score) | 0.567 | 0.838 | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Overweight | 1.31 | (0.61–2.84) | 1.15 | (0.48–2.77) | ||
Obesity | 1.47 | (0.70–3.10) | 1.29 | (0.55–3.06) | ||