| Unadjusted model | Intermediate model 1aa | Intermediate model 1bb | Adjusted model 2ac | Adjusted model 2bd | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Weight gain category | ||||||||||
 Slow | 0.48 | 0.39–0.60 | 0.49 | 0.39–0.61 | 0.49 | 0.39–0.61 | 0.27 | 0.21–0.34 | 0.27 | 0.21–0.34 |
 Mean | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
 Rapid | 2.18 | 1.90–2.51 | 2.18 | 1.90–2.51 | 2.17 | 1.88–2.49 | 3.08 | 2.66–3.58 | 3.09 | 2.66–3.59 |
 Very rapid | 4.10 | 3.59–4.68 | 4.14 | 3.36–4.72 | 4.10 | 3.59–4.67 | 7.59 | 6.52–8.83 | 7.58 | 6.51–8.83 |
Level of maternal education | ||||||||||
 ISCED 0–2 | 1.22 | 1.03–1.45 | 1.14 | 0.95–1.36 |  |  | 1.15 | 0.95–1.40 |  |  |
 ISCED 4 | 1.32 | 1.09–1.59 | 1.34 | 1.10–1.62 |  |  | 1.20 | 0.98–1.47 |  |  |
 ISCED 5–6 | 1.12 | 0.93–1.36 | 1.18 | 0.97–1.44 |  |  | 1.10 | 0.90–1.34 |  |  |
 ISCED 7–8 | 1 | – | 1 | – |  |  | 1 | – |  |  |
Household income (quartiles) | ||||||||||
 Low | 1.40 | 1.21–1.63 |  |  | 1.28 | 1.10–1.50 |  |  | 1.34 | 1.13–1.59 |
 Low-middle | 1.19 | 1.02–1.39 |  |  | 1.16 | 0.99–1.36 |  |  | 1.16 | 0.98–1.37 |
 High-middle | 1.16 | 1.00–1.36 |  |  | 1.18 | 1.00–1.38 |  |  | 1.12 | 0.95–1.32 |
 High | 1 | – |  |  | 1 | – |  |  | 1 | – |
Child sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
 Female | 0.89 | 0.80–0.99 |  |  |  |  | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 |
Size for gestational age at birth | ||||||||||
 SGA | 0.60 | 0.45–0.79 |  |  |  |  | 0.31 | 0.24–0.42 | 0.32 | 0.24–0.42 |
 AGA | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
 LGA | 2.30 | 2.02–2.61 |  |  |  |  | 5.26 | 4.50–6.14 | 5.27 | 4.51–6.16 |
Parity | ||||||||||
 1 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.13 |  |  |  |  | 0.88 | 0.77–1.00 | 0.84 | 0.74–0.96 |
 2 | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
  > 2 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.20 |  |  |  |  | 0.93 | 0.77–1.11 | 0.93 | 0.78–1.12 |
Gestational age at birth | ||||||||||
 37 weeks | 1.04 | 0.81–1.34 |  |  |  |  | 0.43 | 0.33–0.56 | 0.43 | 0.33–0.56 |
 38 weeks | 1.07 | 0.91–1.27 |  |  |  |  | 0.62 | 0.52–0.74 | 0.62 | 0.52–0.74 |
 39 weeks | 0.91 | 0.79–1.06 |  |  |  |  | 0.75 | 0.64–0.88 | 0.75 | 0.64–0.88 |
 40 weeks | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
 41 weeks | 1.06 | 0.92–1.21 |  |  |  |  | 1.23 | 1.06–1.43 | 1.23 | 1.06–1.43 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||||||
 Underweight | 0.52 | 0.35–0.78 |  |  |  |  | 0.56 | 0.37–0.84 | 0.55 | 0.37–0.83 |
 Normal weight | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
 Overweight | 1.43 | 1.26–1.63 |  |  |  |  | 1.34 | 1.17–1.54 | 1.34 | 1.17–1.54 |
 Obesity I | 1.89 | 1.60–2.23 |  |  |  |  | 1.67 | 1.40–2.01 | 1.68 | 1.40–2.01 |
 Obesity II + III | 2.36 | 1.92–2.90 |  |  |  |  | 2.10 | 1.67–2.64 | 2.10 | 1.67–2.64 |
Gestational diabetes | ||||||||||
 Yes | 1.40 | 1.09–1.80 |  |  |  |  | 1.17 | 0.89–1.54 | 1.18 | 0.90–1.55 |
 No | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||||
 Yes | 1.48 | 1.22–1.80 |  |  |  |  | 1.22 | 0.98–1.51 | 1.16 | 0.93–1.43 |
 Stoppede | 1.54 | 1.20–1.97 |  |  |  |  | 1.45 | 1.11–1.89 | 1.40 | 1.08–1.83 |
 No | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
Mode of delivery | ||||||||||
 Caesarean | 1.07 | 0.94–1.22 |  |  |  |  | 0.99 | 0.85–1.14 | 0.99 | 0.86–1.15 |
 Vaginal | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||||||
 0–2 months | 1.23 | 1.07–1.42 |  |  |  |  | 0.89 | 0.76–1.04 | 0.89 | 0.76–1.03 |
 2–4 months | 0.96 | 0.81–1.15 |  |  |  |  | 0.84 | 0.70–1.01 | 0.84 | 0.70–1.01 |
 4–6 months | 1 | – |  |  |  |  | 1 | – | 1 | – |
  > 6 months | 0.85 | 0.68–1.05 |  |  |  |  | 0.81 | 0.65–1.01 | 0.81 | 0.65–1.01 |