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Table 4 Bivariate association between independent variables and quality of life domains

From: Health-related quality of life among people living with type 2 diabetes: a community based cross-sectional study in rural Nepal

Characteristics

Category

Diabetes control [Mean (SD)]

Anxiety and worry [Mean (SD)]

Social burden [Mean (SD)]

Sexual functioning [Mean (SD)]

Energy and mobility [Mean (SD)]

Overall QoL [Mean (SD)]

Agea

 

0.170

0.063

0.063

- 0.422

- 0.306

0.170

P-value

0.874

0.532

0.388

0.001

0.002

0.073

Sex

Male

52.08 (11.26)

51.21 (12.69)

50.04 (9.26)

52.46 (11.42)

54.36 (13.02)

52.53 (10.33)

Female

50.40 (10.61)

52.63 (11.53)

53.54 (10.05)

51.11 (9.44)

50.42 (11.03)

51.48 (12.42)

P-value

 

0.543

0.086

0.342

0.002

0.634

0.743

Ethnicity

Dalit/Janajati

50.42 (9.28)

52.83 (10.63)

56.33 (8.68)

53.06 (11.54)

51.22 (10.34)

54.38 (10.06)

Madeshi

51.13 (7.42)

53.54 (9.56)

55.42 (12.34)

50.28 (9.84)

54.79 (12.02)

49.64 (12.33)

Muslim

54.23 (11.64)

52.12 (11.62)

50.12 (9.63)

51.62 (12.43)

53.11 (10.44)

52.73 (9.23)

Brahmin/Chhetry

53.22 (10.04)

54.67 (8.45)

51.62 (11.24)

52.43 (14.56)

50.45 (11.84)

53.61 (8.86)

P-value

 

0.726

0.541

0.823

0.431

0.562

0.312

Family Type

Single

57.06 (5.66)

53.45 (6.37)

51.36 (11.41)

53.51 (8.62)

55.97 (10.36)

54.21 (8.33)

Joint

54.42 (8.96)

56.21 (10.46)

52.13 (12.44)

57.62 (6.12)

52.63 (11.25)

54.37 (6.39)

P-value

 

0.063

0.126

0.078

0.643

0.563

0.052

Socio-economic status

Upper/Upper middle

57.42 (9.12)

53.48 (8.44)

56.44 (7.23)

59.36 (9.87)

57.56 (11.02)

56.12 (12.93)

Middle/ lower middle

54.21 (10.48)

55.87 (10.36)

57.76 (11.14)

58.78 (14.54)

56.45 (11.07)

55.39 (9.63)

Lower/upper lower

51.62 (8.41)

50.13 (9.36)

58.37 (9.87)

56.47 (11.47)

53.22 (7.63)

49.35 (12.67)

P-value

 

0.816

0.236

0.479

0.973

0.643

0.622

Educational status

Literate

55.62 (7.66)

58.63 (9.47)

58.78 (11.36)

53.24 (12.49)

51.33 (7.36)

49.35 (12.67)

Illiterate

57.23 (6.83)

55.44 (7.43)

58.63 (12.36)

50.41 (9.57)

51.18 (7.72)

53.56 (8.31)

P-value

 

0.021

0.073

0.057

0.082

0.078

0.067

Smoking habit

Yes

53.79 (12.43)

58.72 (11.21)

53.46 (15.78)

50.44 (13.61)

52.47 (9.35)

55.87 (9.92)

No

54.37 (11.68)

50.12 (13.47)

49.37 (9.87)

55.46 (10.47)

51.25 (11.53)

54.29 (10.41)

P-value

 

0.237

0.649

0.985

0.583

0.038

0.732

Alcohol consumption

Yes

58.47 (8.63)

51.06 (9.31)

54.75 (6.72)

50.08 (7.31)

55.74 (10.44)

48.35 (11.25)

No

53.67 (12.31)

57.58 (11.04)

49.08 (12.93)

54.21 (10.47)

57.09 (9.81)

54.37 (7.74)

P-value

 

0.421

0.513

0.435

0.916

0.541

0.671

Duration of disease

< 5 years

58.42 (13.42)

59.32 (12.44)

51.76 (10.57)

57.39 (15.09)

50.07 (14.11)

57.23 (10.73)

≥5 years

50.51 (7.83)

48.63 (9.43)

54.03 (12.09)

53.02 (11.72)

54.44 (10.66)

53.03 (9.13)

P-value

 

0.002

0.078

0.063

0.001

0.088

0.059

Presence of co-morbidity

Yes

55.96 (12.47)

50.31 (13.77)

52.77 (10.29)

54.67 (10.38)

51.38 (9.67)

54.78 (11.41)

No

58.63 (8.33)

54.67 (9.47)

53.38 (18.34)

55.39 (15.09)

56.74 (11.38)

48.43 (12.07)

P-value

 

0.042

0.057

0.034

0.051

0.073

0.081

Presence of complication

Yes

57.38 (12.61)

55.08 (9.42)

59.02 (10.05)

49.06 (11.23)

57.04 (15.68)

50.78 (13.47)

No

54.14 (14.33)

53.81 (9.37)

51.21 (8.53)

50.51 (9.59)

55.09 (11.14)

53.35 (10.67)

P-value

 

0.344

0.516

0.734

0.819

0.547

0.539

Family history of diabetes

Yes

55.79 (7.04)

51.72 (12.54)

55.37 (13.09)

53.48 (11.57)

51.73 (12.22)

51.43 (13.46)

No

49.37 (9.57)

55.76 (10.13)

56.43 (10.35)

56.27 (13.47)

52.94 (12.17)

49.03 (11.63)

P-value

 

0.573

0.042

0.874

0.071

0.439

0.563

  1. aPearson’s correlation