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Table 2 Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) and 95%CI for factors associated with forgone medical visits or specialist treatment in the preceding 12 months for any reason. Hierarchical logistic models per period

From: The geography and economics of forgoing medical examinations or therapeutic treatments in Italy during the economic crisis

 

2004–2007

2008–2012

2013–2015

aOR

95%CI

p-value

aOR

95%CI

p-value

aOR

95%CI

p-value

Sex

 Males

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Females

1.23

1.19

1.28

1.26

1.21

1.30

1.16

1.10

1.22

Age class

 16–34

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 35–49

1.27

1.20

1.35

1.38

1.30

1.46

1.74

1.59

1.89

 50–64

1.04

0.97

1.10

1.07

1.01

1.14

1.43

1.31

1.56

 65–74

0.79

0.73

0.86

0.78

0.73

0.85

1.01

0.91

1.12

 75+

0.69

0.64

0.75

0.61

0.56

0.66

0.71

0.63

0.79

Risk of poverty*

 No

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Yes

1.54

1.47

1.61

1.70

1.63

1.78

2.21

2.09

2.34

Educational level*

 High

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Medium

1.10

1.05

1.16

1.29

1.23

1.35

1.53

1.45

1.63

 Low

1.19

1.13

1.26

1.29

1.22

1.36

1.62

1.51

1.75

Citizenship**

 Italian

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Foreign national

1.61

1.44

1.80

1.85

1.71

2.01

2.19

1.98

2.42

Chronic disease or severe limitations

 No

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Yes

1.87

1.79

1.95

1.75

1.67

1.82

2.12

1.99

2.25

Self-perceived health

 Good

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Not good

2.55

2.43

2.67

2.85

2.72

2.99

2.66

2.50

2.84

Region

 Piemonte

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

1

<.0001

 Valle d’Aosta

0.64

0.52

0.78

0.58

0.46

0.72

1.38

1.08

1.76

 Liguria

0.85

0.74

0.98

0.98

0.86

1.12

1.54

1.29

1.83

 Lombardia

0.80

0.72

0.89

0.88

0.79

0.98

1.46

1.25

1.71

 Bolzano

0.79

0.66

0.94

0.74

0.61

0.90

0.87

0.60

1.27

 Trento

0.59

0.47

0.73

0.53

0.42

0.67

0.38

0.26

0.56

 Veneto

0.87

0.78

0.98

0.76

0.68

0.86

1.07

0.89

1.27

 Friuli-Venezia Giulia

0.64

0.55

0.74

0.84

0.74

0.96

1.40

1.17

1.68

 Emilia-Romagna

0.89

0.80

0.99

1.03

0.92

1.15

1.95

1.67

2.28

 Toscana

1.16

1.04

1.29

1.35

1.21

1.51

1.18

0.98

1.41

 Umbria

0.75

0.66

0.86

1.03

0.91

1.18

2.54

2.13

3.03

 Marche

1.15

1.03

1.29

1.43

1.28

1.60

3.46

2.97

4.02

 Lazio

1.51

1.36

1.67

1.72

1.56

1.91

3.22

2.78

3.73

 Abruzzo

1.37

1.19

1.57

2.20

1.93

2.50

3.43

2.85

4.13

 Molise

1.62

1.40

1.87

1.54

1.33

1.78

3.35

2.72

4.12

 Campania

2.08

1.88

2.31

2.23

2.02

2.47

5.24

4.52

6.07

 Puglia

2.58

2.33

2.87

3.39

3.07

3.75

8.21

7.09

9.50

 Basilicata

2.14

1.88

2.43

2.04

1.79

2.32

2.35

1.89

2.91

 Calabria

2.37

2.11

2.67

2.64

2.36

2.95

5.51

4.73

6.43

 Sicilia

1.97

1.77

2.18

2.42

2.19

2.69

3.14

2.69

3.67

 Sardegna

1.90

1.69

2.14

1.86

1.65

2.11

4.38

3.67

5.21

Educational attainment level by citizenship

 Medium vs High among Italians

1.11

1.06

1.17

< 0.01

1.31

1.26

1.38

< 0.01

1.59

1.49

1.69

<.0001

 Low vs High among Italians

1.21

1.15

1.28

1.32

1.24

1.39

1.68

1.55

1.81

 Medium vs High among foreign national

0.87

0.68

1.12

0.97

0.82

1.16

1.06

0.86

1.31

 Low vs High among foreign national

0.73

0.54

0.99

0.96

0.74

1.23

1.02

0.73

1.43

ICC (95%CI)

0.063 (0.034–0.106)

 

0.072 (0.040–0.126)

 

0.132 (0.076–0.221)

 

Likelihood Ratio Test for goodness of fit

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

 

< 0.0001

 
  1. p-value trend: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01