Table 7 Indicators of adversity in BCHCP cohort compared to other Canadians

 Young age during pregnancy

49

51

2–11

Canadian females ≤19 years (2%) and 20–24 years (11%) [43]

 Low income (< $20,000 per year)

90

77

13–15

Canadian females < 18 years (15%) and ≥ 18 years (13%) [44]

 Limited education (no high school completion)

69

37

17

BC females of all ages [45]

 Preparing to parent while single (not married or common-law)

87

95

7–45

Canadian females ≥15 years (7%) and living on low income (45%) [46]

 Homeless ever (including currently)

44

49

5

Canadians (male and female) 15–24 years [47]

 Unstable housing (moving in past year)

35

33

20

Canadian females ≥15–24 years [47]

 Psychological distress

28

36

30

Canadian females ≥15 years and low-income [48]

 Diagnosed mental disorder

20

23

15

Canadian females ≥15 years [48]

 Prenatal cannabis use

21

21

15

BC females 12–17 years [49]

 Prenatal nicotine use

27

27

22

Canadian females ≥15 years and low income [50]

 Serious physical health problems

≤ 19

≤ 22

13

BC females 12–17 years [49]

 Child maltreatment when ≤16 years

55

57

30

Canadian females ≥15 years [51]

 Exposure to intimate partner violence in recent past

51

48

22–40

Canadian females 15–19 years (40%) and 20–24 years (22%) [52]