Table 4 Fixed-effect negative binomial models for adjusted associations between Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) coverage and under-5 hospitalization rates, 2009–2014, Ecuador
Under-5 hospitalization rate | Under-5 hospitalization rate for diarrheal diseases | Under-5 hospitalization rate for malnutrition | Under-5 hospitalization rate for lower respiratory infections | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intermediate and high quality criterion | High quality criterion | Intermediate and high quality criterion | High quality criterion | Intermediate and high quality criterion | High quality criterion | Intermediate and high quality criterion | High quality criterion | |
RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | RR adjusted (95% CI) | |
BDH coverage on county population | 0.998 (0.996–0.999) | 0.999 (0.996–1.003) | 0.994 (0.991–0.997) | 0.995 (0.990–0.999) | 0.999 (0.991–1.007) | 1.005 (0.991–1.019) | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) | 1.002 (0.998–1.006) |
Hospitalization rate (per 1000 inhabitants) | 1.017 (1.015–1.020) | 1.016 (1.012–1.020) | 1.019 (1.016–1.022) | 1.020 (1.016–1.025) | 1.014 (1.006–1.023) | 1.014 (1.002–1.026) | 1.015 (1.012–1.028) | 1.011 (1.006–1.015) |
Income monthly per person in USD | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | 1.000 (1.000–1.001) |
Proportion of households with inadequate sanitation (%) | 1.029 (1.022–1.036) | 1.033 (1.022–1.043) | 1.033 (1.025–1.042) | 1.032 (1.020–1.045) | 1.056 (1.030–1.083) | 1.056 (1.017–1.096) | 1.020 (1.012–1.028) | 1.023 (1.012–1.035) |
Rate of individuals older than 15 years who are illiterate | 1.059 (1.026–1.092) | 1.108 (1.053–1.167) | 1.112 (1.064–1.162) | 1.135 (1.060–1.215) | 1.049 (0.948–1.161) | 0.980 (0.866–1.110) | 1.042 (1.008–1.078) | 1.102 (1.042–1.166) |
Total fertility rate | 0.812 (0.683–0.966) | 0.839 (0.613–1.147) | 0.875 (0.688–1.113) | 0.783 (0.540–1.133) | 1.099 (0.554–2.182) | 0.848 (0.276–2.607) | 1.074 (0.850–1.357) | 0.911 (0.630–1.317) |
Hospital bed rate (per 1000 inhabitants) | 0.938 (0.889–0.990) | 0.957 (0.880–1.042) | 0.894 (0.832–0.960) | 0.878 (0.792–0.972) | 0.841 (0.714–0.992) | 0.864 (0.680–1.010) | 0.955 (0.900–1.013) | 1.004 (0.914–1.103) |
Physicians rate (per 10,000 inhabitants) | 1.000 (0.994–1.007) | 0.990 (0.979–1.001) | 0.997 (0.988–1.007) | 0.989 (0.975–1.004) | 1.001 (0.979–1.024) | 0.999 (0.960–1.039) | 0.994 (0.986–1.002) | 0.987 (0.975–0.999) |
Time (year) | 1.023 (1.005–1.041) | 1.036 (1.008–1.064) | 0.970 (0.947–0.994) | 0.979 (0.945–1.014) | 0.985 (0.930–1.042) | 0.979 (0.894–1.0171) | 1.0711.052–1.091) | 1.087 (1.054–1.121) |
Number of observations | 864 | 426 | 870 | 432 | 798 | 396 | 870 | 432 |
Number of counties | 144 | 71 | 145 | 72 | 133 | 66 | 145 | 72 |