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Table 4 Factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity n = 575

From: Prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight/obesity among primary school children in urban Nepal

Characteristics

Overweight/obesity (row %)

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

Related to respondent

Age (in years)

  ≤ 29

14 (21.5)

  

 30–39

73 (25.2)

1.22 (0.64–2.34)

0.85 (0–38-1.87)

 40–49

54 (27.6)

1.38 (0.71–2.71)

0.75 (0.30–1.82)

  ≥ 50

7 (29.2)

1.50 (0.52–4.33)

0.95 (0.24–3.74)

Sex

 Male

77 (24.4)

  

 Female

71 (27.4)

1.17 (0.81–1.71)

1.10 (0.65–1.87)

Father’s educational status

 Below high school

22 (15)

  

 High school

24 (18.9)

1.32 (0.70–2.49)

0.80 (0.32–2.01)

 University level

102 (34.2)

2.95 (1.77–4.93)**

0.86 (0.34–2.26)

Occupation of father

 Unskilled worker

7 (35)

  

 Skilled worker

18 (15.5)

0.34 (0.12–0.97)

0.15 (0.43–0.53)

 Clerical, shop owner, farmer

17 (14.5)

0.31 (0.11–0.91)

0.18 (0.05–0.63)

 Profession

106 (32.9)

0.91 (0.35–2.35)

0.25 (0.07–0.84)

Monthly income (NRs) (1 USD = 102.5 NRs)

  < 10,000

7 (18.9)

  

 10,000-25,000

23 (18.1)

0.94 (.37–2.42)

1.23 (0.36–4.22)

 25,001-50,000

35 (17.2)

0.89 (.36–2.18)

0.88 (0.25–3.08)

  > 50,000

83 (40.1)

2.86 (1.20–6.83)*

1.45 (0.40–5.20)

Mother’s educational ststus

 Below high school

22 (11.8)

  

 High school

34 (24.6)

2.45 (1.35–4.42)*

3.13 (1.39–7.12)*

 University level

87 (37.8)

4.56 (2.71–7.66)*

3.09 (1.23–7.70)*

Occupation of mother

 Unskilled worker or housewife

72 (22)

  

 Skilled worker

8 (16.7)

0.71 (.31–1.58)

0.90 (0.25–2.25)

 Clerical, shop owner, farmer

3 (8.6)

0.33 (.09–1.12)

0.44 (0.11–1.65)

 Profession

65 (39.6)

2.33 (1.55–3.51)**

1.34 (1.02–4.05)**

Related to child

Age (in years)

 6–9

68 (21.7)

  

 10–13

80 (30.7)

1.59 (1.09–2.32)*

1.36 (0.86–2.16)

Sex

 Male

97 (29.6)

1.61 (1.09–2.38)*

2.21 (1.38–3.53)**

 Female

51 (20.6)

  

Birth weight

 Normal

132 (24)

  

 LGA

16 (66.7)

6.34 (2.65–15.16)**

2.42 (0.83–7.01)

Family type

 Nuclear

99 (28.4)

  

 Joint

38 (23.6)

0.77 (0.51–1.19)

0.77 (0.46–1.28)

 Extended

11 (16.7)

0.50 (0.25–1.01)

0.59 (0.27–1.29)

Ethnicity

 Janajati

67 (27.3)

  

 Not Janajati

81 (24.5)

0.86 (0.59–1.26)

0.78 (0.49–1.25)

Dietary characteristics of children

 Low junk food consumption (< 2 times /week)

100 (21.2)

  

 High junk food consumption(≥ 2 times/week)

48 (46.2)

3.18 (2.03–4.95)**

2.92 (1.66–5.12)**

Homemade food, taken to school

 Yes

113 (23.6)

  

 No

35 (36.1)

1.82 (1.14–2.90)*

1.58 (1.11–2.58)*

Drinks soft drinks

 No

25 (25.8)

  

 Yes

123 (25.7)

0.99 (0.61–1.64)

1.13 (0.63–2.05)

Physical activity level

 Low

148 (26.7)

  

 High

0 (0)

0

0

Mode of transport to school

 On foot

18 (11.7)

  

 By school bus

110 (31.8)

3.52 (2.05–6.05)**

2.38 (1.12–4.79)*

 Own or public vehicles

20 (26.7)

2.75 (1.35–5.58)**

2.49 (1.24–6.72)*

Sedentary behavior on weekdays

 Recommended (≤2 h a day)

146 (25.7)

  

 High (> 2 h a day)

2 (33.3)

1.41 (0.26–7.99)

3.2 (0.41–26.90)

Sedentary behavior on weekend

 Recommended (≤2 h a day)

130 (23.9)

  

 High (> 2 h a day)

18 (56.3)

4.09 (1.97–8.44)**

3.01 (1.20–7.29)*

  1. Hosmer-Lemmeshow goodness of fit test of final model: 0.633
  2. Bold* indicates significance at p-value < 0.05
  3. Bold** indicates significance at p-value < 0.001(LGA: Large for gestational age)