Table 1 Summary of conceptulisation of different sources of motivation

External

Monetary rewards

Individual is driven by the desire to receive financial rewards

Non-monetary material rewards

Individual is driven by the desire to receive non-monetary rewards that have a financial value (such as food packages or health insurance)

Social

Individual is motivated by recognition from peers, community members or managers

Internal

Religious/moral

Individual believes that the activity is a religious or moral duty, or links activity to non-material rewards from a religious perspective

Intrinsic

Individual derives spontaneous satisfaction from the activity itself