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Table 1 Characteristics of households, mothers and children at baseline and endline

From: Effects of participatory learning and action with women’s groups, counselling through home visits and crèches on undernutrition among children under three years in eastern India: a quasi-experimental study

 

Area 1: Control

Area 2: PLA and home visits

Area 3: Crèches, PLA and home visits

p value for differences between areas baseline

p value for differences between areas at endline

 

Baseline

Endline

Baseline

Endline

Baseline

Endline

  

N = 1263

N = 1130

N = 1245

N = 1256

N = 1360

N = 1177

  

Household characteristics, n (%)

 Household owns agricultural land

987 (78.2)

912 (80.7)

1117 (89.7)

1112 (88.5)

1271 (93.4)

1077 (91.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Household wealth quintile, n (%)

  Richest

295 (23.4)

281 (24.9)

213 (17.1)

286 (22.8)

226 (16.6)

181 (15.4)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Second richest

203 (16.1)

221 (19.6)

253 (20.3)

270 (21.5)

270 (19.9)

255 (21.7)

  

  Middle

197 (15.6)

204 (18.1)

251 (20.2)

277 (22.1)

255 (18.8)

304 (25.8)

  

  Second poorest

249 (19.7)

143 (12.7)

232 (18.6)

219 (17.4)

281 (20.7)

248 (21.1)

  

  Poorest

319 (25.3)

281 (24.9)

296 (23.8)

204 (16.4)

328 (24.1)

189 (16.1)

  

 Has improved source of drinking water, n (%) a

906 (71.7)

849 (75.1)

918 (73.7)

911 (72.5)

968 (71.2)

863 (73.3)

0.316

0.341

Main source of family’s staple food, n (%)

  Own production

820 (64.9)

532 (47.1)

884 (71.0)

730 (58.1)

908 (66.8)

714 (60.7)

0.001

< 0.001

  Purchased from regular shop

368 (29.1)

420 (37.2)

301 (24.2)

420 (33.4)

352 (25.9)

321 (27.3)

  

  Purchased from ration shop

73 (5.8)

174 (15.3)

53 (4.3)

95 (7.6)

95 (7.6)

137 (11.6)

  

  Borrowed, bartered, exchanged

2 (0.2)

4 (0.3)

7 (0.6)

11 (0.9)

4 (0.3)

5 (0.4)

  

 Household has a MNREGAb job card

687 (54.4)

539 (47.7)

800 (64.3)

755 (60.1)

972 (71.5)

756 (64.2)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Maternal characteristics

Tribe or Caste, n (%)

  Scheduled Tribe

774 (61.3)

757 (67.0)

857 (68.8)

942 (75.1)

1128 (82.9)

978 (83.1)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  Scheduled Caste

57 (4.5)

33 (2.9)

34 (2.7)

21 (1.7)

62 (4.5)

37 (3.1)

  

  Other Backward Caste

407 (32.2)

322 (28.5)

337 (27.1)

291 (23.2)

161 (11.8)

159 (13.5)

  

  None of the above

25 (2.0)

18 (1.6)

17 (1.4)

1 (0.1)

9 (0.7)

3 (0.3)

  

 Mother has ever been to school

722 (57.2)

684 (60.5)

672 (54.0)

683 (54.4)

736 (54.1)

593 (50.4)

0.188

< 0.001

Child characteristics

 Age in months, mean (SD)

20.0 (9.2)

19.0 (9.3)

20.0 (9.8)

18.4 (9.2)

19.0 (9.5)

18.9 (9.4)

0.017

0.242

Sex, n (%)

  Female

615 (45.2)

579 (49.2)

608 (48.8)

607 (48.3)

615 (48.7)

533 (47.2)

  

  Male

745 (54.8)

598 (50.8)

637 (51.2)

597 (52.8)

648 (51.3)

597 (52.8)

0.108

0.621

  1. a Tubewell or handpump
  2. b Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act