Table 2 GRADE evidence of included studies
Author, year | Certainty assessment | Certainty (GARDE) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | ||
Keeler and Fok, 1996 [29] | Interrupted time series | serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⊖ |
MODERATE | |||||||
Lo, 2008 [30] | Interrupted time series | not serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ |
HIGH | |||||||
Misra, 2008 [31] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | not serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ |
HIGH | |||||||
Hong and Linn, 2012 [32] | Interrupted time series | serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⊖ |
MODERATE | |||||||
Liu et al., 2013 [33] | Interrupted time series | critical serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁ ⊖ ⊖ |
LOW | |||||||
Chen et al., 2014 [34] | Interrupted time series | not serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ |
HIGH | |||||||
Kim et al., 2016 [35] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ |
HIGH | |||||||
Liu et al., 2018 [36] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⊖ |
MODERATE | |||||||
Kozhimannil, 2018 [37] | Cohort analytic (two group pre + post) | not serious | single study | not serious | not serious | none | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ |
HIGH | |||||||