Table 1 Details of risk of bias of included studies using ROBINS-I
Author, year | Study design | Confounders | Selection of participant | Classification of intervention | Departure from intended interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selective reporting | Overall risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keeler and Fok, 1996 [29] | Interrupted time series | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Serious risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Serious risk of bias |
Lo, 2008 [30] | Interrupted time series | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Moderate risk of bias |
Misra, 2008 [31] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Moderate risk of bias |
Hong and Linn, 2012 [32] | Interrupted time series | Moderate risk of bias | Serious risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Serious risk of bias |
Liu et al., 2013 [33] | Interrupted time series | Critical risk of bias | Serious risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Critical risk of bias |
Chen et al., 2014 [34] | Interrupted time series | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Moderate risk of bias |
Kim et al., 2016 [35] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Moderate risk of bias |
Liu et al., 2018 [36] | Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Serious risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Serious risk of bias |
Kozhimannil, 2018 [37] | Cohort analytic (two group pre + post) | Moderate risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | No information | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Low risk of bias | Moderate risk of bias |