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Table 4 Incidence of catastrophic expenses (CE) by sociodemographic and economic characteristics of women, evolution of the delivery and length of stay in the maternity unit, Lubumbashi, DRC, 2015

From: Incidence of catastrophic expenditures linked to obstetric and neonatal care at 92 facilities in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2015

Variables

Total

Incidence of CE (%)

RR

95% CI

p

Age (years)

    

0.10

  < 20

172

20.4

1.6

0.9–2.5

 

 20–34

1215

16.1

1.3

0.9–1.9

 

  ≥ 35

240

12.5

1

  

Marital status

    

< 0.001

 Married

1589

15.5

1

  

 Not married

38

36.8

2.4

1.5–3.5

 

Partner’s age (years)

    

0.39

  < 25

114

14.9

0.8

0.4–1.4

 

 25–34

784

16.7

0.9

0.6–1.3

 

 35–44

589

15.3

0.8

0.5–1.2

 

  ≥ 45

115

19.1

1

  

 Unknown

25

4.0

0.2

0.1–1.1

 

Wealth quintile

    

< 0.001*

 Q1 (very poor)

302

44.7

22.5

11.0–46.8

 

 Q2

317

31.6

15.9

7.7–33.3

 

 Q3

311

3.2

1.6

0.7–4.1

 

 Q4

344

2.6

1.3

0.5–3.4

 

 Q5 (very rich)

353

2.0

1

  

Referral status

    

< 0.001

 Referred

114

40.4

2.8

2.2–3.6

 

 Not referred

1513

14.2

1

  

Complications

    

< 0.001

 Post-partum infection

50

58.0

9.1

6.4–12.5

 

 Pre & post-partum hemorrhage

86

41.9

6.5

4.6–9.1

 

 Eclampsia

27

40.7

6.4

3.6–10.1

 

 Placenta Prævia

22

31.8

5.0

2.5–8.8

 

 Soft-tissue tears

214

25.7

4.0

2.9–5.6

 

 Placental abruption

20

25.0

3.9

1.7–7.7

 

 Obstructed labor

240

23.3

3.6

2.6–5.1

 

 None

968

6.4

1

  

Type of delivery

    

< 0.001

 Uncomplicated vaginal

1001

9.5

1

  

 Complicated vaginal

429

17.0

1.8

1.4–2.4

 

 Caesarean

197

47.2

5.0

3.9–6.3

 

Neonatal care

    

< 0.001

 Basic

971

9.1

1

  

 Emergency

163

39.9

4.4

3.3–5.8

 

 Intensive

493

21.9

2.4

1.9–3.1

 

Type of skilled birth attendant

    

< 0.001

 Nurses and midwives

1446

14.0

1

  

 General physician

97

29.9

2.1

1.5–2.9

 

 Specialist physician

84

35.7

2.6

1.8–3.4

 

Delivery facility

    

0.03

 Planned

1287

15.0

1

  

 Not planned

340

20.0

1.3

1.1–1.7

 

Length of stay (days)

    

< 0.001

  ≤ 3

1143

12.4

1

  

 4–14

419

19.8

1.6

1.2–2.0

 

  ≥ 15

65

55.4

4.5

3.4–5.7

 
  1. *Chi-squared test for trend