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Table 4 Cox proportional hazard models for all-cause mortality and loss to follow-up (n = 170,017a)

From: Treatment outcomes among children, adolescents, and adults on treatment for tuberculosis in two metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Characteristics

Proportion with outcome [Death]

Crude HR and 95% CI

Adjusted HR and 95% CI

Proportion with outcome [LTFU]

Crude HR and 95% CI

Adjusted HR and 95% CI

Adjusted sub-HRb and 95% CI

Age at start of treatment (years)

<10 (children)

209 (1.20%)

0.20 (0.18–0.23)

0.23 (0.20–0.26)

631 (3.63%)

0.59 (0.54–0.64)

0.62 (0.56–0.68)

0.64 (0.58–0.70)

10–14 (young adolescents)

52 (2.72%)

0.45 (0.34–0.59)

0.48 (0.37–0.63)

60 (3.14%)

0.49 (0.38–0.63)

0.53 (0.41–0.68)

0.54 (0.42–0.69)

15–19 (older adolescents)

109 (2.96%)

0.50 (0.41–0.60)

0.62 (0.51–0.75)

224 (6.09%)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

1.05 (0.92–1.21)

1.07 (0.93–1.22)

20–24 (young adults)

389 (3.62%)

0.62 (0.56–0.68)

0.71 (0.64–0.78)

890 (8.29%)

1.35 (1.26–1.45)

1.43 (1.33–1.54)

1.44 (1.34–1.55)

25–49 (adults)

6713 (5.88%)

1.00

1.00

7046 (6.17%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

≥50 (older adults)

2437 (11.00%)

1.92 (1.84–2.02)

2.13 (2.03–2.23)

1150 (5.19%)

0.87 (0.82–0.92)

0.85 (0.80–0.91)

0.82 (0.77–0.87)

Registration year

2010

1846 (6.26%)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

0.98 (0.92–1.05)

1844 (6.25%)

1.12 (1.04–1.19)

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

2011

1832 (6.17%)

1.00

1.00

1660 (5.59%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

2012

1602 (5.57%)

0.91 (0.85–0.97)

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

1670 (5.81%)

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.08 (1.01–1.16)

1.08 (1.01–1.16)

2013

1644 (5.71%)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

1730 (6.01%)

1.09 (1.02–1.16)

1.18 (1.10–1.30)

1.18 (1.10–1.27)

2014

1540 (5.57%)

0.92 (0.86–0.98)

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

1595 (5.77%)

1.05 (0.98–1.13)

1.21 (1.12–1.30)

1.20 (1.11–1.30)

2015

1445 (5.63%)

0.93 (0.86–0.99)

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

1502 (5.86%)

1.07 (1.00–1.14)

1.24 (1.13–1.35)

1.23 (1.12–1.34)

Sex

Female

4503 (5.89%)

1.01 (0.97–1.05)

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

3894 (5.10%)

0.77 (0.74–0.81)

0.77 (0.74–0.81)

0.77 (0.74–0.80)

 

Male

5406 (5.77%)

1.00

1.00

6107 (6.52%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Case definitionc

Bacteriologically confirmed

6556 (5.57%)

1.00

1.00

7130 (6.06%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Clinically diagnosed

1704 (6.19%)

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

1.36 (1.28–1.43)

1508 (5.47%)

0.88 (0.84–0.93)

1.02 (0.97–1.09)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

 

Missing/unknown

1649 (6.64%)

1.17 (1.11–1.24)

1.52 (1.44–1.61)

1363 (5.49%)

0.89 (0.84–0.94)

1.04 (0.98–1.11)

1.02 (0.96–1.09)

Patient category

New Patient

9118 (5.68%)

1.00

1.00

9022 (5.62%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Previously treated

513 (7.69%)

1.30 (1.19–1.42)

1.23 (1.13–1.35)

701 (10.51%)

1.75 (1.62–1.89)

1.74 (1.61–1.88)

1.74 (1.61–1.88)

Unknown TB treatment history

278 (9.80%)

1.64 (1.46–1.85)

1.42 (1.26–1.60)

278 (9.80%)

1.62 (1.44–1.83)

1.64 (1.45–1.85)

1.62 (1.44–1.83)

Classification of Disease

Pulmonary TB

7585 (5.31%)

1.00

1.00

8215 (5.75%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

EPTB

2324 (8.55%)

1.51 (1.44–1.58)

1.22 (1.16–1.28)

1786 (6.57%)

1.03 (0.97–1.08)

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

HIV status

Positive on ART

4056 (6.07%)

2.03 (1.90–2.17)

1.67 (1.58–1.78)

3435 (5.14%)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

0.91 (0.86–0.96)

0.90 (0.85–0.95)

Positive not on ART

2267 (8.35%)

2.88 (2.68–3.09)

2.51 (2.33–2.70)

2416 (7.90%)

1.59 (1.50–1.69)

1.57 (1.47–1.68)

1.52 (1.42–1.62)

Positive ART status unknown

1243 (7.98%)

2.70 (2.50–2.93)

2.40 (2.21–2.61)

951 (6.10%)

1.21 (1.12–1.30)

1.23 (1.13–1.34)

1.19 (1.10–1.29)

Negative

1155 (2.99%)

1.00

1.00

1971 (5.09%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

HIV status unknown

1188 (5.47%)

1.86 (1.72–2.02)

1.77 (1.62–1.92)

1498 (6.90%)

1.37 (1.28–1.47)

1.43 (1.33–1.53)

1.40 (1.31–1.51)

Treatment supervision (Intensive Phase)

Yes

1514 (5.65%)

1.00

1.00

1509 (5.63%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

No

7103 (5.92%)

1.06 (1.01–1.13)

0.78 (0.74–0.83)

7084 (5.91%)

1.07 (1.01–1.13)

0.79 (0.74–0.83)

0.80 (0.75–0.84)

Missing

1292 (5.55%)

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

6.24 (4.91–7.92)

1408 (6.04%)

1.11 (1.03–1.19)

10.74 (8.00–14.40)

10.40 (7.75–13.95)

Treatment supervision (Continuation Phase)

Yes

76 (1.04%)

1.00

1.00

48 (0.66%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

No

8541 (6.13%)

6.41 (5.11–8.03)

7.81 (6.20–9.84)

8545 (6.13%)

10.36 (7.78–13.73)

12.56 (9.42–14.40)

12.03 (9.02–16.04)

Missing

1292 (5.55%)

5.83 (4.62–7.34)

(omitted)

1408 (6.04%)

10.26 (7.69–13.68)

(omitted)

(omitted)

Overall

 

9909 (5.83%)

–

–

10001 (5.88%)

–

–

 
  1. EPTB extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
  2. aSample excludes patients still on treatment at ≥10 months and patients with no available outcome (i.e. outcome not assigned)
  3. bSub-distribution hazard ratios from competing risk regression model proposed by Fine and Gray where death is considered a competing risk
  4. cBacteriologically confirmed includes Xpert MTB/RIF, smear, or culture (and if aspiration/biopsy or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was listed, although the corresponding laboratory method was unknown). Clinically diagnosed includes X-ray and tuberculin skin test
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