Skip to main content

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

From: Low intake of commonly available fruits and vegetables in socio-economically disadvantaged communities of South Africa: influence of affordability and sugary drinks intake

 

Overall

Urban

Rural

Variables

Langa 1a

Langa 2b

Mt Frerec

p-valueg

N

535

228

190

117

 

Gender

 Women

411 (76.8)

175 (76.8)

140 (73.7)

96 (82.1)

0.241

 Men

124 (23.2)

53 (23.2)

50 (26.2)

21 (17.9)

Age

 <  50 years

264 (49.3)

75 (32.9)

161 (84.7)

28 (23.9)

0.001

 ≥ 50 years

271 (50.7)

153 (67.1)

29 (15.3)

89 (76.1)

Education

 None or Primary

175 (32.7)

82 (36.0)

39 (20.5)

54 (46.2)

0.001

 Secondary /Post-secondary School

360 (67.3)

146 (64.0)

151 (79.5)

63 (53.8)

Employment

 Unemployed

410 (76.6)

175 (76.8)

131 (68.9)

104 (88.9)

0.001

 Employed

125 (23.4)

53 (23.2)

59 (31.1)

13 (11.1)

Household monthly income:

  < R2000

293 (54.8)

137 (60.0)

71 (37.4) h

85 (72.6) h

0.001

 R2000–5000

193 (36.0)

75 (32.9)

89 (46.8) h

29 (24.8)

 R5001–15000

49 (9.2)

16 (17.1)

30 (15.8)

3 (2.6)

Monthly grocery expense/person

  < R1000

332 (62.1)

156 (68.4)

101 (53.2)

75 (64.1)

0.005

 R1000–3500e

203 (37.9)

72 (31.6)

89 (46.8)

42 (35.9)

Amount spent on groceries); mean (SD)

856.4 (19.9)

803.1 (28.0)

939.5 (36.4)

825.3 (42.0)

0.008

Grow vegetable/fruits in own garden (Yes)

95 (17.8)

9 (3.9)

0 (0)

86 (73.5)

0.001

Purchase fruits and vegetables daily/weekly (Yes)

379 (70.8)

175 (76.8)

17 (91.1)

31 (26.5)

0.001

Buy sugary drinks daily/weekly

268 (50.1)

131 (57.5)

119 (62.6)

18 (15.4)

0.001

Buy sugary drink monthly/seldom

267 (49.9)

97 (42.5)

71 (37.4)

99 (84.6)

Own a car

 Yes

38 (7.1)

19 (8.3)

11 (5.8)

8 (6.8)

0.597

 No

457 (92.9)

209 (9.7)

179 (94.2)

116 (93.2)

Own TV

 Yes

460 (86.0)

213 (93.4)

156 (82.1)

91 (77.8)

0.001

 No

75 (14.0)

15 (6.6)

34 (17.9)

26 (22.2)

Own functional fridge

 Yes

118 (22.1)

22 (9.6)

58 (30.5)

38 (32.5)

0.001

 No

417 (77.9)

206 (90.4)

132 (69.5)

79 (67.5)

Transportation to grocery store by

 taxi/bus/train

279 (52.1)

125 (54.8)

71 (37.4) i

83 (70.9) i

0.001

 own vehicle

45 (8.4)

12 (5.3)

6 (3.2)

7 (6.0)

 Walking

211 (39.4)

91 (39.9)

113(59.5) i

27 (23.1) i

Minutes walked to grocery storef

 > 15 min

140 (26.2)

97 (42.5)

13 (6.8)

30 (25.6)

0.001

 1–15 min

395 (73.8)

131 (57.5)

177 (93.2)

87 (74.4)

Diagnosed with diabetes

 Yes

129 (24.1)

108 (47.4)

4 (2.1)

17 (14.5)

0.001

 No

406 (75.9)

120 (52.6)

186 (97.9)

100 (85.5)

Diagnosed with hypertension

 Yes

126 (23.6)

44 (19.3)

22 (11.6)

60 (51.3)

0.001

 No

409 (76.4)

184 (80.7)

168 (88.4)

57 (48.7)

Had NCD d

202 (37.8)

112 (49.1)

24 (12.6)

66 (56.4)

0.001

Had no NCD

333 (62.2)

116 (50.9)

166 (87.4)

51 (43.6)

  1. PURE Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology, SD standard deviation; Proportions are given as column percentages
  2. a Langa 1 (Main Langa: Moderate-High SES area- PURE study Cohort), b Langa 2 (low SES adjoining area– non-PURE study cohort); c Mt. Frere Rural (PURE study rural cohorts); d Reported any of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, or stroke)
  3. e Three persons spent more than R3500 on groceries per month (and were added to this category)
  4. f Grocery store included a Spaza shop, retail shop, and convenience store in or outside the study community
  5. gThe mean difference is significant at 0.05 level (95% CI) based on the observed mean
  6. h–i Post-hoc analyses showed significant difference taking Income h’R5001–15000′, and i ‘Own Vehicle’ as references