| Overall | Urban | Rural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Langa 1a | Langa 2b | Mt Frerec | p-valueg | |
N | 535 | 228 | 190 | 117 | Â |
Gender | |||||
 Women | 411 (76.8) | 175 (76.8) | 140 (73.7) | 96 (82.1) | 0.241 |
 Men | 124 (23.2) | 53 (23.2) | 50 (26.2) | 21 (17.9) | |
Age | |||||
 <  50 years | 264 (49.3) | 75 (32.9) | 161 (84.7) | 28 (23.9) | 0.001 |
 ≥ 50 years | 271 (50.7) | 153 (67.1) | 29 (15.3) | 89 (76.1) | |
Education | |||||
 None or Primary | 175 (32.7) | 82 (36.0) | 39 (20.5) | 54 (46.2) | 0.001 |
 Secondary /Post-secondary School | 360 (67.3) | 146 (64.0) | 151 (79.5) | 63 (53.8) | |
Employment | |||||
 Unemployed | 410 (76.6) | 175 (76.8) | 131 (68.9) | 104 (88.9) | 0.001 |
 Employed | 125 (23.4) | 53 (23.2) | 59 (31.1) | 13 (11.1) | |
Household monthly income: | |||||
  < R2000 | 293 (54.8) | 137 (60.0) | 71 (37.4) h | 85 (72.6) h | 0.001 |
 R2000–5000 | 193 (36.0) | 75 (32.9) | 89 (46.8) h | 29 (24.8) | |
 R5001–15000 | 49 (9.2) | 16 (17.1) | 30 (15.8) | 3 (2.6) | |
Monthly grocery expense/person | |||||
  < R1000 | 332 (62.1) | 156 (68.4) | 101 (53.2) | 75 (64.1) | 0.005 |
 R1000–3500e | 203 (37.9) | 72 (31.6) | 89 (46.8) | 42 (35.9) | |
Amount spent on groceries); mean (SD) | 856.4 (19.9) | 803.1 (28.0) | 939.5 (36.4) | 825.3 (42.0) | 0.008 |
Grow vegetable/fruits in own garden (Yes) | 95 (17.8) | 9 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 86 (73.5) | 0.001 |
Purchase fruits and vegetables daily/weekly (Yes) | 379 (70.8) | 175 (76.8) | 17 (91.1) | 31 (26.5) | 0.001 |
Buy sugary drinks daily/weekly | 268 (50.1) | 131 (57.5) | 119 (62.6) | 18 (15.4) | 0.001 |
Buy sugary drink monthly/seldom | 267 (49.9) | 97 (42.5) | 71 (37.4) | 99 (84.6) | |
Own a car | |||||
 Yes | 38 (7.1) | 19 (8.3) | 11 (5.8) | 8 (6.8) | 0.597 |
 No | 457 (92.9) | 209 (9.7) | 179 (94.2) | 116 (93.2) | |
Own TV | |||||
 Yes | 460 (86.0) | 213 (93.4) | 156 (82.1) | 91 (77.8) | 0.001 |
 No | 75 (14.0) | 15 (6.6) | 34 (17.9) | 26 (22.2) | |
Own functional fridge | |||||
 Yes | 118 (22.1) | 22 (9.6) | 58 (30.5) | 38 (32.5) | 0.001 |
 No | 417 (77.9) | 206 (90.4) | 132 (69.5) | 79 (67.5) | |
Transportation to grocery store by | |||||
 taxi/bus/train | 279 (52.1) | 125 (54.8) | 71 (37.4) i | 83 (70.9) i | 0.001 |
 own vehicle | 45 (8.4) | 12 (5.3) | 6 (3.2) | 7 (6.0) | |
 Walking | 211 (39.4) | 91 (39.9) | 113(59.5) i | 27 (23.1) i | |
Minutes walked to grocery storef | |||||
 > 15 min | 140 (26.2) | 97 (42.5) | 13 (6.8) | 30 (25.6) | 0.001 |
 1–15 min | 395 (73.8) | 131 (57.5) | 177 (93.2) | 87 (74.4) | |
Diagnosed with diabetes | |||||
 Yes | 129 (24.1) | 108 (47.4) | 4 (2.1) | 17 (14.5) | 0.001 |
 No | 406 (75.9) | 120 (52.6) | 186 (97.9) | 100 (85.5) | |
Diagnosed with hypertension | |||||
 Yes | 126 (23.6) | 44 (19.3) | 22 (11.6) | 60 (51.3) | 0.001 |
 No | 409 (76.4) | 184 (80.7) | 168 (88.4) | 57 (48.7) | |
Had NCD d | 202 (37.8) | 112 (49.1) | 24 (12.6) | 66 (56.4) | 0.001 |
Had no NCD | 333 (62.2) | 116 (50.9) | 166 (87.4) | 51 (43.6) |