Table 2 Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in the total population of Indian mothers, NFHS 2015–2016
From: National and rural-urban prevalence and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in India
| Â | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusteda OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 Maternal working status | ||||||
  Not working | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Working | 0.88 | 0.76–1.00 | 0.061 | 0.87 | 0.75–1.00 | 0.044 |
 Maternal education | ||||||
  No education | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Primary | 1.19 | 1.11–1.27 | < 0.001 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.26 | 0.285 |
  Secondary and above | 1.38 | 1.32–1.44 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.24–1.59 | < 0.001 |
 Father’s education | ||||||
  No education | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Primary | 1.12 | 1.00–1.27 | 0.058 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.08 | 0.449 |
  Secondary and above | 0.95 | 0.80–1.12 | 0.514 | 0.75 | 0.62–0.91 | 0.004 |
Individual factors | ||||||
 Marital status | ||||||
  Currently married | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Never married / formerly married (divorced/separated/widow) | 1.22 | 1.00–1.48 | 0.046 | 2.08 | 1.30–3.35 | 0.002 |
 Preceding birth interval | ||||||
  No previous birth | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
   < 24 months | 0.99 | 0.94–1.05 | 0.819 | 1.16 | 1.02–1.34 | 0.027 |
   > 24 months | 1.06 | 1.01–1.102 | 0.011 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.28 | 0.010 |
Health Service factors | ||||||
 Mode of delivery | ||||||
  Vaginal delivery | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Caesarean delivery | 0.66 | 0.62–0.70 | < 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.49–0.56 | < 0.001 |
 Type of delivery assistance | ||||||
  Health professionals | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Traditional birth attendants | 0.72 | 0.67–0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.80–0.94 | < 0.001 |
  Other non-health professionals | 0.74 | 0.70–0.78 | < 0.001 | 0.84 | 0.79–0.90 | < 0.001 |
 Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||
  None | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  1–3 | 1.14 | 1.07–1.21 | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.91–1.05 | 0.531 |
  Four or more | 1.65 | 1.55–1.76 | < 0.001 | 1.43 | 1.33–1.55 | < 0.001 |
 Place of delivery | ||||||
  Home | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Health facility | 1.43 | 1.36–1.51 | < 0.001 | 1.22 | 1.14–1.31 | < 0.001 |
Environmental factor | ||||||
 Geographical region | ||||||
  North | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  South | 2.05 | 1.89–2.23 | < 0.001 | 1.88 | 1.57–2.25 | < 0.001 |
  East | 1.50 | 1.39–1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.50 | 1.26–1.78 | < 0.001 |
  West | 2.43 | 2.20–2.68 | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.53–2.40 | < 0.001 |
  Central | 0.85 | 0.80–0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.75–1.01 | 0.070 |
  North East | 3.50 | 3.17–3.86 | < 0.001 | 3.64 | 2.89–4.60 | < 0.001 |