From: National and rural-urban prevalence and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in India
 | Total population (India) | Rural | Urban | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N* | Prevalence (95% CI) | P value | N* | Prevalence (95% CI) | P value | N* | Prevalence (95% CI) | P value | |
EIBF | |||||||||
 Yes | 39,048 | 41.5 (40.9–42.1) | < 0.001 | 27,951 | 41.0 (40.3–41.6) | < 0.001 | 11,097 | 42.9 (41.7–44.2) | < 0.001 |
 No | 55,056 | 58.5 (57.9–59.1) |  | 40,309 | 59.1 (58.4–59.7) |  | 14,747 | 57 (55.8–58.3) |  |
Socio-economic factors | |||||||||
 Maternal working status | |||||||||
  Not working | 6,228 | 16.0 (15.3–16.7) | 0.064 | 4,279 | 15.3 (14.6–16.1) | 0.135 | 1,949 | 17.6 (16.1–19.2) | 0.542 |
  Working | 772 | 2.0 (1.8–2.2) |  | 597 | 2.1 (1.9–2.4) |  | 175 | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) |  |
 Maternal education | |||||||||
  No education | 9,344 | 23.9 (23.2–24.6) | < 0.001 | 7,919 | 28.3 (27.5–29.2) | < 0.001 | 1,425 | 12.8 (11.7, 14.1) | < 0.001 |
  Primary | 5,125 | 13.1 (12.6–13.7) |  | 3,980 | 14.2 (13.7–14.8) |  | 1,145 | 10.3 (9.1–11.7) |  |
  Secondary and above | 24,578 | 62.9 (62.1–63.8) |  | 16,052 | 57.4 (56.5–58.4) |  | 8,526 | 76.8 (75.1–78.5) |  |
 Father’s education | |||||||||
  No education | 1,122 | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 0.0186 | 888 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 0.020 | 234 | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | 0.149 |
  Primary | 4,879 | 12.5 (11.9–13.1) |  | 3,446 | 12.3 (11.7–13.0) |  | 1,433 | 12.9 (11.7–14.3) |  |
  Secondary and above | 972 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) |  | 522 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) |  | 450 | 4.1 (3.4–4.9) |  |
 Household wealth index | |||||||||
  Poor | 17,804 | 45.6 (44.6–46.6) | < 0.001 | 16,226 | 58.1 (57.1–59.1) | < 0.001 | 1,578 | 14.2 (12.9–15.7) | 0.030 |
  Middle | 8,226 | 21.1 (20.4–21.8) |  | 6,093 | 21.8 (21.1–22.5) |  | 2,133 | 19.2 (17.8–20.8) |  |
  Rich | 13,018 | 33.3 (32.4–34.3) |  | 5,632 | 20.2 (19.4–20.9) |  | 7,386 | 66.6 (64.6–68.5) |  |
Individual factors | |||||||||
 Mother’s age | |||||||||
  15–19 years | 2,302 | 5.9 (5.5–6.3) | < 0.001 | 1,834 | 6.6 (6.2–7.0) | < 0.001 | 468 | 4.2 (3.5–5.0) | 0.037 |
  20–34 years | 34,837 | 89.2 (88.8–89.7) |  | 24,683 | 88.3 (87.8–88.8) |  | 10,154 | 91.5 (90.5–92.4) |  |
  35–49 years | 1,909 | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) |  | 1,434 | 5.1 (4.8–5.5) |  | 475 | 4.3 (3.7–5.0) |  |
 Marital status | |||||||||
  Currently married | 38,715 | 99.2 (99.0–99.3) | 0.045 | 27,690 | 99.1 (98.9–99.2) | 0.036 | 11,025 | 99.4 (99.1–99.6) | 0.474 |
  Never married / formerly married (divorced/separated/widow) | 333 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |  | 261 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |  | 71 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |  |
Health service factors | |||||||||
 Place of delivery | |||||||||
  Home | 5,781 | 14.8 (14.2–15.4) | < 0.001 | 4,965 | 17.8 (17.0–18.5) | < 0.001 | 816 | 7.4 (6.4–8.5) | < 0.001 |
  Health facility | 33,267 | 85.2 (84.6–85.8) |  | 22,986 | 82.2 (81.5–83.0) |  | 10,281 | 92.7 (91.5–93.7) |  |
 Mode of delivery | |||||||||
  Vaginal delivery | 33,009 | 84.5 (83.9–85.2) | < 0.001 | 24,611 | 88.1 (87.4–88.6) | < 0.001 | 8,398 | 75.7 (73.9–77.4) | < 0.001 |
  Caesarean delivery | 6,039 | 15.5 (14.8–16.2) |  | 3,340 | 12.0 (11.4–12.6) |  | 2,698 | 24.3 (22.6–26.1) |  |
 Type of delivery assistance | |||||||||
  Health professionals | 28,891 | 74.0 (73.2–74.8) | < 0.001 | 19,629 | 70.2 (69.4–71.1) | < 0.001 | 9,262 | 83.5 (81.9–84.9) | < 0.001 |
  Traditional birth attendants | 3,242 | 8.3 (7.9–8.8) |  | 2,771 | 9.9 (9.4–10.5) |  | 472 | 4.3 (3.6–5.0) |  |
  Other non-health professionals | 6,669 | 17.1 (16.5–17.7) |  | 5,343 | 19.1 (18.4–19.9) |  | 1,326 | 12.0 (10.7–13.3) |  |
 Antenatal clinic visits | |||||||||
  None | 5,182 | 13.3 (12.7–13.9) | < 0.001 | 4,259 | 15.2 (14.6–16.0) | < 0.001 | 923 | 8.3 (7.3–9.5) | < 0.001 |
  1–3 | 11,551 | 29.6 (28.9–30.3) |  | 9,286 | 33.2 (32.4–34.1) |  | 2,265 | 20.4 (18.9–22.0) |  |
  Four or more | 22,015 | 56.4 (55.5–57.3) |  | 14,211 | 50.8 (49.8–51.9) |  | 7,805 | 70.3 (68.5–72.0) |  |
Environmental factor | |||||||||
 Geographical region | |||||||||
  North | 3,853 | 9.9 (9.3–10.4) | < 0.001 | 2,618 | 9.4 (8.8–9.9) | < 0.001 | 1,235 | 11.1 (10.0–12.4) | < 0.001 |
  South | 8,527 | 21.8 (20.8–22.9) |  | 5,017 | 18.0 (16.9–19.0) |  | 3,510 | 31.6 (29.7–33.6) |  |
  East | 10,321 | 26.4 (25.3–27.6) |  | 8,503 | 30.4 (29.2–31.7) |  | 1,818 | 16.4 (14.8–18.1) |  |
  West | 6,440 | 16.5 (15.4–17.7) |  | 3,710 | 13.3 (12.3–14.4) |  | 2,730 | 24.6 (22.3–27.1) |  |
  Central | 7,790 | 20.0 (19.2–20.7) |  | 6,260 | 22.4 (21.5–23.4) |  | 1,530 | 13.8 (12.8–14.9) |  |
  North-East | 2,117 | 5.4 (5.1–5.8) |  | 1,843 | 6.6 (6.1–7.1) |  | 274 | 2.5 (2.2–2.7) |  |