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Table 1 Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) by study factors among children aged 0–23 months in India, NFHS 2015–2016

From: National and rural-urban prevalence and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in India

 

Total population (India)

Rural

Urban

N*

Prevalence

(95% CI)

P value

N*

Prevalence

(95% CI)

P value

N*

Prevalence

(95% CI)

P value

EIBF

 Yes

39,048

41.5 (40.9–42.1)

< 0.001

27,951

41.0 (40.3–41.6)

< 0.001

11,097

42.9 (41.7–44.2)

< 0.001

 No

55,056

58.5 (57.9–59.1)

 

40,309

59.1 (58.4–59.7)

 

14,747

57 (55.8–58.3)

 

Socio-economic factors

 Maternal working status

  Not working

6,228

16.0 (15.3–16.7)

0.064

4,279

15.3 (14.6–16.1)

0.135

1,949

17.6 (16.1–19.2)

0.542

  Working

772

2.0 (1.8–2.2)

 

597

2.1 (1.9–2.4)

 

175

1.6 (1.2–2.0)

 

 Maternal education

  No education

9,344

23.9 (23.2–24.6)

< 0.001

7,919

28.3 (27.5–29.2)

< 0.001

1,425

12.8 (11.7, 14.1)

< 0.001

  Primary

5,125

13.1 (12.6–13.7)

 

3,980

14.2 (13.7–14.8)

 

1,145

10.3 (9.1–11.7)

 

  Secondary and above

24,578

62.9 (62.1–63.8)

 

16,052

57.4 (56.5–58.4)

 

8,526

76.8 (75.1–78.5)

 

 Father’s education

  No education

1,122

2.9 (2.6–3.1)

0.0186

888

3.2 (2.9–3.5)

0.020

234

2.1 (1.6–2.7)

0.149

  Primary

4,879

12.5 (11.9–13.1)

 

3,446

12.3 (11.7–13.0)

 

1,433

12.9 (11.7–14.3)

 

  Secondary and above

972

2.5 (2.2–2.8)

 

522

1.9 (1.7–2.1)

 

450

4.1 (3.4–4.9)

 

 Household wealth index

  Poor

17,804

45.6 (44.6–46.6)

< 0.001

16,226

58.1 (57.1–59.1)

< 0.001

1,578

14.2 (12.9–15.7)

0.030

  Middle

8,226

21.1 (20.4–21.8)

 

6,093

21.8 (21.1–22.5)

 

2,133

19.2 (17.8–20.8)

 

  Rich

13,018

33.3 (32.4–34.3)

 

5,632

20.2 (19.4–20.9)

 

7,386

66.6 (64.6–68.5)

 

Individual factors

 Mother’s age

  15–19 years

2,302

5.9 (5.5–6.3)

< 0.001

1,834

6.6 (6.2–7.0)

< 0.001

468

4.2 (3.5–5.0)

0.037

  20–34 years

34,837

89.2 (88.8–89.7)

 

24,683

88.3 (87.8–88.8)

 

10,154

91.5 (90.5–92.4)

 

  35–49 years

1,909

4.9 (4.6–5.2)

 

1,434

5.1 (4.8–5.5)

 

475

4.3 (3.7–5.0)

 

 Marital status

  Currently married

38,715

99.2 (99.0–99.3)

0.045

27,690

99.1 (98.9–99.2)

0.036

11,025

99.4 (99.1–99.6)

0.474

  Never married / formerly married (divorced/separated/widow)

333

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

 

261

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

 

71

0.6 (0.4–0.9)

 

Health service factors

 Place of delivery

  Home

5,781

14.8 (14.2–15.4)

< 0.001

4,965

17.8 (17.0–18.5)

< 0.001

816

7.4 (6.4–8.5)

< 0.001

  Health facility

33,267

85.2 (84.6–85.8)

 

22,986

82.2 (81.5–83.0)

 

10,281

92.7 (91.5–93.7)

 

 Mode of delivery

  Vaginal delivery

33,009

84.5 (83.9–85.2)

< 0.001

24,611

88.1 (87.4–88.6)

< 0.001

8,398

75.7 (73.9–77.4)

< 0.001

  Caesarean delivery

6,039

15.5 (14.8–16.2)

 

3,340

12.0 (11.4–12.6)

 

2,698

24.3 (22.6–26.1)

 

 Type of delivery assistance

  Health professionals

28,891

74.0 (73.2–74.8)

< 0.001

19,629

70.2 (69.4–71.1)

< 0.001

9,262

83.5 (81.9–84.9)

< 0.001

  Traditional birth attendants

3,242

8.3 (7.9–8.8)

 

2,771

9.9 (9.4–10.5)

 

472

4.3 (3.6–5.0)

 

  Other non-health professionals

6,669

17.1 (16.5–17.7)

 

5,343

19.1 (18.4–19.9)

 

1,326

12.0 (10.7–13.3)

 

 Antenatal clinic visits

  None

5,182

13.3 (12.7–13.9)

< 0.001

4,259

15.2 (14.6–16.0)

< 0.001

923

8.3 (7.3–9.5)

< 0.001

  1–3

11,551

29.6 (28.9–30.3)

 

9,286

33.2 (32.4–34.1)

 

2,265

20.4 (18.9–22.0)

 

  Four or more

22,015

56.4 (55.5–57.3)

 

14,211

50.8 (49.8–51.9)

 

7,805

70.3 (68.5–72.0)

 

Environmental factor

 Geographical region

  North

3,853

9.9 (9.3–10.4)

< 0.001

2,618

9.4 (8.8–9.9)

< 0.001

1,235

11.1 (10.0–12.4)

< 0.001

  South

8,527

21.8 (20.8–22.9)

 

5,017

18.0 (16.9–19.0)

 

3,510

31.6 (29.7–33.6)

 

  East

10,321

26.4 (25.3–27.6)

 

8,503

30.4 (29.2–31.7)

 

1,818

16.4 (14.8–18.1)

 

  West

6,440

16.5 (15.4–17.7)

 

3,710

13.3 (12.3–14.4)

 

2,730

24.6 (22.3–27.1)

 

  Central

7,790

20.0 (19.2–20.7)

 

6,260

22.4 (21.5–23.4)

 

1,530

13.8 (12.8–14.9)

 

  North-East

2,117

5.4 (5.1–5.8)

 

1,843

6.6 (6.1–7.1)

 

274

2.5 (2.2–2.7)

 
  1. Prevalence (EIBF): The proportion of children 0–23 months of age who were put to the breast within one hour of birth; N*: the weighted total number varies between categories due to missing data