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Table 1 Characteristics of study households by mental health condition and severity

From: Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment in households of persons with depression: a cross-sectional, comparative study in rural Ethiopia

Household (HH) Characteristics

Households of person with depression (n = 128)

Comparison households (n = 129)

Depression and high disability (n = 65)

Depression and low disability (n = 63)

Socio-demographic and economic

 Age of HH head (years), mean (SD)

48.7 (11.8)

44.1 (12.9)

44.2 (13.8)

 HH size, mean (SD)

5.2 (2.1)

4.9 (1.9)

5.0 (2.0)

 Adult Equivalent Size, mean (SD)

2.7 (0.9)

2.6 (0.8)

2.6 (0.8)

 HH with at least one older person ≥60 years old, n (%)

15 (23.0)

14 (22.9)

28 (21.8)

 HH with at least one child younger than 15 years, n (%)

56 (86.1)

49 (80.3)

112 (87.5)

Residence, n (%)

 Rural

46 (70.8)

57 (90.5)

103 (79.8)

 Urban

19 (29.2)

6 (9.5)

26 (20.2)

Gender, n (%)

 Male

52 (80.0)

49 (80.3)

96 (75.0)

 Female

13 (20.0)

12 (19.7)

32 (25.0)

HH Head marital status, n (%)

 Never married

1 (1.5)

3 (5.0)

6 (4.7)

 Married

52 (80.0)

50 (83.3)

98 (76.6)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

12 (18.5)

7 (11.7)

24 (18.7)

HH Head education, n (%)

 No formal education, n (%)

44 (67.67)

38 (60.3)

67 (52.4)

 Primary education

13 (20.0)

19 (30.2)

36 (28.1)

 More than primary

8 (12.3)

6 (9.5)

25 (19.5)

 HH with health insurance, n (%)

2 (3.1)

1 (1.6)

9 (6.9)

 Annual total consumption, median (IQR) ††$

369.7 (253.8, 519.0)

485.9 (320.4, 795.5)

495.6 (339.6, 778.3)

 Annual health payments, mean (SD) ††$

45.3 (111.4)

37.6 (50.7)

28.9 (39.2)

Clinical Characteristics

 Functioning

  Index patient WHODAS, median (IQR)

47.2 (38.9, 61.1)

16.6 (11.1, 25.0)

–

 Symptom scores

  Index patient PHQ-9, median (IQR)

12.0 (9.0, 15.0)

9.0 (6.0, 11.0)

–

  1. Bold, significant at P < 0.05 using Pearson’s χ2.for categorical data; Kruskal-Wallis for non-normal continuous data; Analysis of variance for normal data; †† adult equivalent; $ = USD; USD 1 = Birr 20.69 (2015); HH (household);
  2. WHODAS (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale); IQR (Inter-Quartile Range); SD (Standard Deviation); PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire − 9-item version)