Table 3 General characteristics, socioeconomic factors, anthropometric measurements, consumed oil type, and physical activity status in the participants with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Variables | Cases | Controls | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) or Mean ± SD | Number (%) or Mean ± SD | |||||
Food security status | Food secure | 45 (33.3) | 79 (58.5) | 1 | < 0.001* < 0.001○ | |
Food insecure | Food insecure without hunger | 64 (47.5) | 51 (37.8) | 2.8 (1.71–4.63) | ||
Food insecure with moderate hunger | 20 (14.8) | 5 (3.7) | ||||
Food insecure with severe hunger | 6 (4.4) | 0 (0) | ||||
Depression status | Not depressed | 76 (56.3) | 99 (73.3) | 1 | 0.003* 0.004○ | |
Depressed | 59 (43.7) | 36 (26.7) | 2.1 (1.28–3.55) | |||
Educational level | Diploma and higher | 38 (28.1) | 66 (48.9) | 1 | < 0.001* 0.001○ | |
Under diploma | 97 (71.9) | 69 (51.1) | 2.4 (1.47–4.04) | |||
Economic status | Good (wealthy & average) | 59 (43.7) | 85 (63.0) | 1 | 0.002* 0.002○ | |
Poor | 76 (56.3) | 50 (37.0) | 2.1 (1.34–3.56) | |||
Family size | Less than 5 people | 53 (39.3) | 72 (53.3) | 1 | 0.020* 0.021○ | |
5 people and more | 82 (60.7) | 63 (46.7) | 1.7 (1.09–2.86) | |||
Number of children | Less than 4 children | 50 (37.0) | 73 (54.1) | 1 | 0.005* 0.005○ | |
4 children and more | 85 (63.0) | 62 (45.9) | 2.0 (1.23–3.25) | |||
Having children under 18 | No | 83 (61.5) | 105 (77.8) | 1 | 0.004* 0.004○ | |
Yes | 52 (38.5) | 30 (22.2) | 2.1 (1.28–3.73) | |||
Income status | ≥6,000,000 riyal IRN | 61 (45.2) | 92 (68.1) | 1 | < 0.001* < 0.001○ | |
< 6,000,000 riyal IRN | 74 (54.8) | 43 (31.9) | 2.5 (1.58–4.26) | |||
Consumed oil type | Liquid | 72 (53.3) | 104 (77.0) | 1 | < 0.001* < 0.001○ | |
Solid and liquid | 63 (46.7) | 31 (23.0) | 2.9 (1.73–4.96) | |||
BMI | 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 48 (35.6) | 73 (54.1) | 1 | 0.002* 0.002○ | |
≥25 (overweight/obese) | 87 (64.4) | 62 (45.9) | 2.1 (1.30–3.47) | |||
Marital status | Single, deceased spouse and divorced | 18 (13.3) | 15 (11.1) | – | 0.57* | |
Married | 117 (86.7) | 120 (88.9) | ||||
Employment status | Housewife | 90 (66.7) | 75 (55.6) | – | 0.06* | |
Employed | 45 (33.3) | 60 (44.4) | ||||
Menopause status | female | Menopause | 52 (38.5) | 36 (26.7) | – | 0.10* |
Non-menopause | 47 (34.8) | 53 (39.3) | ||||
Male | 36 (26.7) | 46 (34.1) | ||||
Gender | Female | 99 (73.3) | 89 (65.9) | – | 0.18* | |
Male | 36 (26.7) | 46 (34.1) | ||||
Age (yrs) | 46.8 ± 5.4 | 45.9 ± 5.9 | – | 0.19● | ||
Weight (kg) | 74.4 ± 9.7 | 71.6 ± 9.3 | – | 0.016● | ||
Height (cm) | 165.1 ± 8.2 | 166.9 ± 7.7 | – | 0.06● | ||
BMI \( \left(\frac{kg}{m^2}\right) \) | 28.0 ± 4.0 | 26.1 ± 3.3 | – | < 0.001● | ||
The amount of activity \( \left(\frac{MET. Hr}{day}\right) \) | 36.7 ± 3.3 | 40.1 ± 4.9 | – | < 0.001● | ||
Final energy of activities \( \frac{Kcal}{Hr} \) | 2630.5 ± 454.2 | 2782.3 ± 525.5 | – | 0.012● | ||