Table 3 Regression results for Tobacco Smoking
From: Factors affecting tobacco smoking in Ethiopia: evidence from the demographic and health surveys
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Fixed part | |||
Individual-level variables | |||
2016 Survey Year (ref: 2011 year) | 0.634* (0.546, 0.737) | 0.652* (0.564, 0.753) | 0.647* (0.560, 0.747) |
Chewing khat in the 30 days preceding the survey | 8.162* (6.966, 9.564) | – | – |
Sex (Ref: female) | 7.065* (5.792, 8.617) | 7.536* (6.172, 9.202) | 9.908* (8.169, 12.017) |
20–24 | 3.842* (2.910, 5.074) | 3.821* (2.906, 5.025) | 4.530* (3.446, 5.955) |
25–29 | 5.951* (4.442, 7.972) | 6.007* (4.509, 8.002) | 7.437* (5.575, 9.922) |
30–34 | 8.059* (5.923, 10.966) | 8.150* (6.026, 11.023) | 10.060* (7.418, 13.644) |
35–39 | 8.542* (6.209, 11.750) | 8.628* (6.310, 11.797) | 10.863* (7.938, 14.865) |
40–49 | 9.579* (7.000, 13.109) | 9.640* (7.093, 13.101) | 11.909* (8.721, 16.262) |
Marital Status (ref: Not married) | |||
Married | 1.078 (0.909, 1.278) | 1.078 (0.912, 1.276) | 1.144 (0.970, 1.350) |
Divorced | 1.884* (1.502, 2.363) | 1.941* (1.546,2.437) | 2.041* (1.635, 2.550) |
Education (ref: No Education) | |||
Primary | 1.008 (0.876, 1.160) | 1.020 (0.889, 1.172) | 1.053 (0.918, 1.209) |
Secondary | 0.915 (0.748,1.119) | 0.936 (0.766,1.143) | 0.934 (0.765, 1.140) |
Higher | 0.566* (0.444, 0.722) | 0.596* (0.469, 0.758) | 0.568* (0.447, 0.721) |
Occupation (ref: Unemployed) | |||
Professional/Clerical/Sales/Skilled/Services | 1.055 (0.864, 1.289) | 1.066 (0.871, 1.303) | 1.239** (1.014, 1.513) |
Agriculture | 1.158 (0.945, 1.418) | 1.129 (0.922, 1.382) | 1.356* (1.108, 1.658) |
Unskilled Manual/Other | 1.517* (1.131, 2.036) | 1.513* (1.130, 2.028) | 1.820* (1.360, 2.437) |
Household-level variables | |||
Household wealth quintile (ref: Very Rich) | |||
Quintile 1 (Very Poor) | 2.511* (1.912, 3.297) | 2.437* (1.871, 3.174) | 2.234* (1.716, 2.909) |
Quintile 2 | 1.804* (1.369, 2.377) | 1.780* (1.361, 2.327) | 1.683* (1.288, 2.200) |
Quintile 3 | 1.779* (1.330,2.380) | 1.746* (1.316,2.317) | 1.692* (1.275, 2.246) |
Quintile 4 | 1.170 (0.893, 1.531) | 1.172 (0.901, 1.524) | 1.150 (0.884, 1.495) |
Household members smoke inside the house | 11.565* (10.033, 13.331) | 11.648* (10.115, 13.413) | 12.065* (10.519, 13.838) |
Religion (ref: Islam) | |||
Orthodox | 1.226** (1.014, 1.483) | 1.027 (0.846, 1.246) | 0.300* (0.239, 0.376) |
Catholic | 2.961* (1.712, 5.122) | 2.346* (1.379, 3.990) | 1.096 (0.619, 1.940) |
Protestant | 1.674* (1.268, 2.210) | 1.285*** (0.964, 1.712) | 0.473* (0.357, 0.628) |
Traditional/Other | 3.783* (2.439, 5.866) | 2.904* (1.882, 4.481) | 1.342 (0.831, 2.168) |
Community-level variables | |||
Place of residence (ref: Rural) | 2.175* (1.641, 2.884) | 2.193* (1.674, 2.872) | 2.089* (1.583, 2.756) |
Administrative regions (ref: Tigray) | |||
Addis Ababa | 3.638* (2.142, 6.178) | 2.353* (1.356, 4.081) | 3.537* (2.104, 5.946) |
Affar | 1.904** (1.089, 3.328) | 1.547 (0.864, 2.770) | 1.607*** (0.948, 2.726) |
Amhara | 0.689 (0.399, 1.192) | 0.442* (0.230, 0.849) | 0.718 (0.418, 1.233) |
Oromia | 1.563 (0.841, 2.905) | 1.700 (0.895, 3.230) | 2.281* (1.247, 4.170) |
Benishangul-gumuz | 4.890* (2.941, 8.131) | 4.969* (3.044, 8.110) | 3.718* (2.259, 6.121) |
SNNP | 5.291* (2.186, 12.806) | 4.639* (1.947, 11.052) | 4.248* (1.770, 10.195) |
Eastern (Dire dawa, Harari and Somali) | 2.350* (1.450,3.811) | 0.649 (0.364, 1.158) | 3.070* (1.905, 4.950) |
Gambela | 7.084* (3.811,13.168) | 8.048* (4.438, 14.596) | 8.889* (4.846, 16.306) |
Distance of SNNP Region from Gambela | 0.686* (0.551,0.854) | 0.703* (0.561,0.880) | 0.731* (0.591, 0.903) |
Distance of Oromia Region from Harari | 0.967 (0.873, 1.072) | 0.948 (0.857,1.050) | 0.919*** (0.832, 1.014) |
Altitude distance from the sea level | 0.593* (0.451, 0.780) | 0.602* (0.457, 0.794) | 0.735* (0.592, 0.913) |
Khat * Region (ref category: Khat Chewing Practices in Tigray) | |||
Khat * Addis Ababa | – | 7.989* (5.354, 11.920) | – |
Khat * Affar | – | 5.261* (3.716, 7.449) | – |
Khat * Amhara | – | 10.539* (5.361, 20.719) | – |
Khat *Oromia | – | 4.836* (3.419, 6.841) | – |
Khat * Benishangul-gumuz | – | 2.406* (1.543, 3.752) | – |
Khat * SNNP | – | 5.136* (3.050, 8.649) | – |
Khat * Eastern (Dire dawa, Harari and Somali) | – | 21.896* (16.109, 29.762) | – |
Khat * Gambela | – | 1.561** (1.009, 2.413) | – |
Khat * Religion (ref category: Islamic khat chewers) | |||
Khat *Orthodox | – | – | 7.072* (5.397, 9.268) |
Khat * Catholic | – | – | 1.474 (0.591, 3.677) |
Khat * Protestant | – | – | 6.930* (3.893, 12.339) |
Khat * Traditional/Other | – | – | 2.028 (0.851, 4.833) |
βehat | 1.439* (1.093, 1.895) | 2.742* (2.038, 3.691) | 1.513* (1.102, 2.076) |
Random part | |||
ρa | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
ψb | 0.661 (0.526, 0.830) | 0.569 (0.449, 0.722) | 0.589 (0.459, 0.756) |
LR test statisticc | 356.37* | 295.86* | 314.22* |
Level 1 Units (N) | 54,191 | 54,191 | 54,191 |
Level 2 Units | 1193 | 1193 | 1193 |