Table 1 PMR with 95% CI for each category of community-, socio-economic-, proximate- and environmental-level variables in Nigeria, 2008–2013
Variables | Number of pregnancies | Perinataldeathsˇ | Rate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Community-level factors | |||
 Geopolitical Zone | |||
  North-Central | 4197 | 129 | 31 (25–36) |
  North-East | 5546 | 239 | 32 (38–48) |
  North-West | 11,606 | 475 | 41 (37–45) |
  South-East | 2718 | 95 | 35 (28–42) |
  South-West | 2847 | 101 | 36 (29–43) |
  South-South | 4208 | 158 | 38 (32–43) |
 Residence typea | |||
  Urban | 10,803 | 349 | 32 (29–36) |
  Rural | 20,318 | 848 | 42 (39–45) |
Socioeconomic-level factors | |||
 Household wealth indexa | |||
  Rich | 5198 | 176 | 34 (29–39) |
  Middle | 11,303 | 403 | 36 (32–39) |
  Poor | 14,621 | 617 | 42 (39–46) |
 Mother’s educationa | |||
  Secondary or higher | 9796 | 338 | 35 (31–38) |
  Primary | 5960 | 260 | 44 (38–49) |
  No education | 15,366 | 599 | 39 (36–42) |
 Mother’s working status | |||
  Working | 19,963 | 749 | 38 (35–40) |
  Not working | 9795 | 377 | 38 (35–42) |
 Mother’s marital status | |||
  Currently married | 29,803 | 1134 | 38 (36–40) |
  Formerly/never married | 1319 | 63 | 47 (36–59) |
 Father’s education | |||
  Secondary or higher | 12,526 | 462 | 37 (33–40) |
  Primary | 5709 | 226 | 40 (34–45) |
  No education | 12,091 | 470 | 39 (35–42) |
Proximate-level factors | |||
 Mother’s agea | |||
   < 20 | 1606 | 99 | 62 (49–74) |
  30–39 | 11,522 | 389 | 34 (30–37) |
  20–29 | 14,862 | 551 | 37 (34–40) |
  40–49 | 3132 | 158 | 50 (42–58) |
 Mother’s body mass index (MBMI) | |||
  Normal (18.5 ≤ MBMI ≤24.9) | 20,441 | 766 | 37 (35–40) |
  Underweight (MBMI > 18.5) | 2592 | 83 | 32 (25–39) |
  Overweight (25 ≤ MBMI ≤29.9) | 5408 | 202 | 37 (32–43) |
  Obese (MBMI ≥30) | 2397 | 138 | 58 (48–67) |
 Wanted pregnancy at the time | |||
  Wanted then | 27,903 | 705 | 25 (23–27) |
  Wanted later | 2009 | 42 | 21 (15–27) |
  No more | 475 | 14 | 29 (14–45) |
 Sex | |||
  Female | 15,238 | 341 | 22 (20–25) |
  Male | 15,488 | 460 | 30 (27–32) |
 Mother’s perceived baby size at birth | |||
  Average or larger | 25,719 | 532 | 21 (19–22) |
  Small or very small | 4429 | 202 | 46 (39–52) |
  Birth rank and birth interval | |||
 First child | 6119 | 221 | 36 (31–41) |
  2nd or 3rd child, interval > 2 | 7237 | 137 | 19 (16–22) |
  2nd or 3rd child, interval ≤ 2 | 2766 | 92 | 33 (27–40) |
  4th or more child, interval > 2 | 10,781 | 202 | 19 (16–21) |
  4th or more child, interval ≤ 2 | 3823 | 150 | 39 (33–46) |
 Delivery assistance | |||
  Healthcare professional | 11,481 | 312 | 27 (24–30) |
  Non-healthcare professional | 11,054 | 245 | 22 (19–25) |
 Mode of delivery | |||
  Non-caesarean | 29,819 | 747 | 25 (23–27) |
  Caesarean section+ | 577 | 42 | 73 (51–95) |
 Place of delivery | |||
  Health facility | 10,869 | 287 | 26 (23–29) |
  Home | 19,537 | 470 | 24 (22–26) |
Environmental-level factors | |||
 Type of cooking fuel | |||
  Non-solid fuel | 5801 | 211 | 36 (31–41) |
  Solid fuel | 24,978 | 958 | 38 (36–41) |