Prevalence of depression among the elderly (60 years and above) population in India, 1997–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Mixed effects meta-regression analysis – effect of covariates on the prevalence of depression

Covariate	Coefficient	95% CI	SE	Z	P value
Study period (2007–2016)	0.02	−0.17, 0.21	0.096	0.23	0.82
Urban	−0.08	−0.16, 0.006	0.043	−1.82	0.07
Unclassified	−0.11	−0.47, 0.24	0.18	−0.61	0.54
Southern region	− 0.07	− 0.22, 0.07	0.07	−1.04	0.30
North and Central region	−0.31	−0.47, − 0.15	0.08	−3.87	0.0001
Western region	−0.18	−0.35, − 0.01	0.086	−2.11	0.035
Probability sampling	−0.14	−0.30, 0.02	0.08	−1.71	0.087
Unknown sampling methods	0.12	−0.07, 0.31	0.099	1.23	0.22
GDS	0.11	−0.07, 0.30	0.09	1.19	0.23
HDRS	−0.09	−0.35, 0.17	0.13	−0.67	0.51
PHQ	−0.026	−0.27, 0.22	0.13	−0.21	0.83
Others	−0.006	−0.23, 0.22	0.12	−0.05	0.96

Coefficient is for logit of proportion
Dependent variable: prevalence of depression
Reference categories of independent variables: time period 1997–2006, residence - rural, geographic region - east and north-east, sampling methods- non-probability sampling, screening tool - CES-D

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