Table 2 Prevalence of depression in the elderlypopulation using random effects model by subgroup and sensitivity analyses
Category | No. of studies | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | Cumulative Positives/cumulative sample size | p-value in between group comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All studies | Overall | 56 | 34.4 (29.3–39.6) | 7087/22005 | |
Subgroup | |||||
Year of publication | 2007–2016 | 53 | 34 (28.7–39.5) | 6276/20172 | 0.3525 |
2006 and before | 3 | 41.7 (26.8–57.5) | 811/1833 | ||
Setting | Rural | 28 | 37.8 (29.9–45.9) | 4345/11600 | 0.2778 |
Urban | 27 | 32.1 (26.1–38.5) | 2736/10296 | ||
Region | South | 26 | 39.8 (34.5–45.3) | 3877/10374 | 0.0073 |
North and Central | 15 | 21.6 (13.3–31.3) | 1459/7449 | ||
East including North-east | 6 | 47.9 (30.1–66.1) | 447/1084 | ||
West | 9 | 32.7 (21.1–45.5) | 1304/3098 | ||
State | Andhra Pradesh | 5 | 40.1 (32–48.5) | 841/2190 | < 0.001 |
Assam | 1 | 17.3 (13.9–21.3) | 69/400 | ||
Delhi | 1 | 45.6 (39.5–51.8) | 114/250 | ||
Gujrat | 1 | 35.7 (25.5–47.4) | 25/70 | ||
Haryana | 3 | 28.6 (10.8–50.7) | 826/2286 | ||
Himachal Pradesh | 2 | 9.4 (7.4–11.5) | 76/800 | ||
Jammu and Kashmir | 1 | 7.9 (4.2–14.3) | 9/114 | ||
Karnataka | 11 | 33.1 (27.8–38.5) | 1155/3466 | ||
Kerala | 2 | 25.0 (21.4–28.9) | 129/515 | ||
Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 9.6 (6.3–14.4) | 20/208 | ||
Maharashtra | 8 | 32.3 (20–46.1) | 1279/3028 | ||
Punjab | 4 | 37.4 (20.1–56.6) | 348/3138 | ||
Tamil Nadu | 8 | 53.7 (38.9–68.2) | 1752/4203 | ||
Uttar Pradesh | 2 | 10.9 (8.3–13.6) | 60/544 | ||
Uttarakhand | 1 | 5.5 (2.5–11.5) | 6/109 | ||
West Bengal | 5 | 55.1 (50.5–59.7) | 378/684 | ||
EAG states | EAG and Assam | 5 | 11.3 (7.6–15.8) | 155/1261 | < 0.001 |
Non-EAG states† | 25 | 34.3 (25.4–43.8) | 3055/10370 | ||
South Indian states | 26 | 39.8 (34.5–45.3) | 3877/10374 | ||
Sampling methods | Probability | 43 | 31.8 (26.4–37.4) | 5069/17812 | 0.0475 |
Non-probability | 6 | 38.4 (22.2–55.9) | 1006/1935 | ||
Not known | 7 | 47.7 (36.1–59.4) | 1012/2258 | ||
Instrument | CES-D | 3 | 39.5 (21.7–58.9) | 1001/1934 | < 0.001 |
GDS | 41 | 37.9 (31.5–44.5) | 4819/15030 | ||
HDRS | 3 | 10.2 (6.5–14.6) | 86/870 | ||
PHQ | 4 | 19.7 (7.5–35.7) | 722/2599 | ||
Others‡ | 5 | 32.3 (21.8–43.8) | 459/1572 | ||
Type of instrument | GDS | 41 | 37.9 (31.5–44.5) | 4819/15030 | 0.0291 |
Others than GDS | 15 | 25.4 (17.1–34.6) | 2268/6975 | ||