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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in this meta-analysis

From: How does hard-to-reach status affect antiretroviral therapy adherence in the HIV-infected population? Results from a meta-analysis of observational studies

Author

Publication year

Study period

Region/Country

Study design

Population description

HTR status

Adherence threshold (%)

Adherence measure

Observation period

Quality assessment

Aloisi MS [41]

2002

1997–1999

Italy

Cohort

HIV-infected subjects who had never received antiretroviral therapy

DU

100

SR

6 months

Moderate

Avery AK [42]

2013

2008–2011

USA

Cross- sectional

Participants who were previously diagnosed HIV+

HL

90

SR

1 week

High

Biello KB [43]

2016

2012

Latin America

Cross- sectional

Men who have sex with men who reported being paid for sex with another man in the past year

SW

100

SR

1 month

Moderate

Bijker R [44]

2017

2007–2013

Asia

Cohort

HIV-infected adults starting first-line ART

DU

95

SR

6 months

High

Braitstein P [45]

2006

1996–2000

Canada

Cohort

Individuals used triple combination ART as their first HIV therapy and had documented HCV serology

DU

95

PR

1 year

High

Cohn SE [46]

2008

2002–2005

USA

Cohort

HIV-infected women between 20 and 34 weeks’ gestation

DU

100

SR

4 days or 3 months

Moderate

Cohn SE [47]

2011

1997–1999

USA

Cross- sectional

HIV-infected subjects without prior Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and with documented immune reconstitution

DU

100

SR

2 days

High

de Boni RB [48]

2016

2012–2013

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru

Cross- sectional

Individuals receiving care at HIV clinics

DU

100

SR

1 week

High

de Jong BC [49]

2005

2001

USA

Cross- sectional

Patients within a public health care system for HIV/AIDS

DU

100

SR

4 weeks

High

Duff PK [50]

2017

2014–2017

Canada

Cohort

Women living with HIV

DU

95

SR

3 to 4 weeks

High

Gebo KA [51]

2003

1999–2000

USA

Cross- sectional

Consecutive HIV-infected patients taking at least 1 antiretroviral medication

DU

90

SR

2 weeks

Moderate

Gordillo V [52]

1999

1997–1998

Spain

Cross- sectional

HIV-infected patients who were on treatment with antiretroviral drugs

DU

90

SR and pill count

1 week

High

Hicks PL [53]

2007

2003

USA

Cross- sectional

HIV patients on HAART in primary care

DU

95

SR

2 weeks

Moderate

Jin H [54]

2018

2013–2017

USA

Cross- sectional

HIV-positive men who have sex with men who had biologically confirmed, recent methamphetamine use

HL

90

SR

1 month

Moderate

Johnson MO [55]

2003

2000–2002

USA

Cross- sectional

HIV-positive adults taking ART

DU, HL

90

SR

3 days

Moderate

Joseph B [56]

2015

1996–2012

Canada

Cohort

HIV-infected people who use illicit drugs in a setting of universal no-cost HIV/AIDS treatment

HL, DU, SW

95

PR

6 months

High

King RM [57]

2012

2007–2009

USA

Cross- sectional

Persons living with HIV/AIDS who smoke

DU

100

SR

4 days

Moderate

Krusi A [58]

2010

1996–2007

Canada

Cohort

HIV-positive injection drug users

DU

95

PR

6 months

High

Mohanned H [59]

2004

1999–2001

USA

Cohort

Convenience sample of HIV-infected subjects seen at outpatient HIV clinics

DU

100

SR

1 week

High

O’Neil CR [60]

2012

2007–2010

Canada

Cohort

HIV-positive persons who have accessed antiretroviral therapy

DU

95

PR

1 year

High

Palepu A [61]

2004

1997–2002

Canada

Cohort

Participants who were HIV-infected, naive to HAART and who were prescribed treatment

DU

100

PR

6 months

High

Roux P [62]

2011

2006–2008

France

Cohort

HIV/HCV coinfected patients on ART

DU

100

SR

4 days

Moderate

Shannon K [63]

2005

2002–2004

Canada

Cohort

HIV-infected persons

DU

95

PR

6 months

Moderate

Sharpe TT [64]

2004

1997–2000

USA

Cross- sectional

HIV-infected women

DU

100

SR

not reported

Moderate

Stone VE [65]

2001

1993–1995

USA

Cross- sectional

Women living with HIV

DU

100

SR

3 days

Moderate

Teixeira C [66]

2013

2006–2008

Brazil

Cohort

HIV-positive patients with no previous ART

DU

95

SR

1 month

High

Tucker JS [67]

2003

1997–1998

USA

Cohort

People with known HIV infection and made at least one patient care visit

DU

100

SR

1 week

High

Turner BJ [68]

2000

1993–1997

USA

Cohort

Postpartum HIV-infected women

DU

80

PR

> 2 months

High

Wilson TE [69]

2002

1998–1999

USA

Cohort

HIV-positive women

DU

95

SR

6 months

Moderate

  1. Abbreviations: HTR hard-to-reach, DU drug users, HL homelessness, SW sex workers, SR self-reporting, PR pharmacy refills