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Table 3 Prevalence Ratio (PR) of cardiovascular disease risk factors stratified by socio-demographic variables, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2015–2016

From: Prevalence and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk factors using the WHO STEPS approach in Cochabamba, Bolivia

 

STEP 1: Behavioural Risk Factors (PR, 95% CI)

SETEP 2: Physical Measurements (PR, 95% CI)

Socio-demographic variables

Current daily smoker

Current alcohol consumption

Low fruit and vegetable consumption

Low level of physical activity

Overweight and obesity

Abdominal obesity

Raised blood pressure

Gender

 Female

Reference category

 Male

6.62 (5.71–7.67) *

1.61 (1.54–1.68) *

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.74 (0.71–0.76) *

0.88 (0.85–0.91) *

0.62 (0.60–0.65) *

1.48 (1.36–1.61) *

Age group

 18–29

Reference category

 30–44

1.16 (1.01–1.32) *

1.33 (1.26–1.40) *

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.86 (0.83–0.89) *

1.71 (1.63–1.78) *

1.66 (1.58–1.73) *

1.84 (1.63–2.09) *

 45–59

1.17 (1.00–1.37) *

1.33 (1.26–1.42) *

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

0.86 (0.82–0.90) *

1.74 (1.66–1.83) *

1.75 (1.67–1.84) *

2.98 (2.64–3.38) *

  ≥ 60

0.89 (0.75–1.05)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

1.08 (1.05–1.11) *

1.04 (1.01–1.08) *

1.44 (1.37–1.52) *

1.50 (1.42–1.58) *

3.43 (3.05–3.85) *

Residence

Andean

Reference category

 Southern cone

1.06 (0.81–1.39)

1.26 (1.12–1.42) *

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

0.91 (0.83–0.99) *

1.26 (1.14–1.39) *

1.29 (1.16–1.43) *

2.83 (2.25–3.56) *

 Central Valley

1.03 (0.85–1.25)

1.28 (1.17–1.40) *

0.89 (0.86–0.93) *

1.11 (1.05–1.17) *

1.25 (1.16–1.35) *

1.31 (1.21–1.42) *

1.87 (1.53–2.28) *

 Tropics

1.39 (1.13–1.70) *

1.28 (1.16–1.41) *

0.95 (0.91–0.99) *

0.85 (0.80–0.91) *

1.32 (1.22–1.44) *

1.49 (1.37–1.62) *

1.86 (1.50–2.31) *

 High Valley

0.65 (0.53–0.80)

1.13 (1.03–1.23) *

0.99 (0.96–1.03) *

1.20 (1.13–1.26) *

1.23 (1.14–1.33) *

1.31 (1.21–1.42) *

1.74 (1.42–2.14) *

Ethnicity

Mestizo and other

Reference category

 Indigenous

0.88 (0.79–0.98) *

0.94 (0.90–0.98) *

1.08 (1.06–1.11) *

0.89 (0.86–0.91) *

0.96 (0.92–0.99) *

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.98 (0.89–1.06)

Education

 No formal schooling

0.47 (0.35–0.62) *

0.53 (0.47–0.59) *

1.21 (1.15–1.26) *

0.93 (0.88–0.99) *

0.87 (0.88–0.94) *

1.06 (0.99–1.14)

1.24 (1.05–1.46) *

 Primary school

0.72 (0.62–0.85) *

0.72 (0.68–0.76) *

1.13 (1.09–1.18) *

0.87 (0.83–0.90) *

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

0.97 (0.85–1.10)

 Secondary school

0.84 (0.72–0.98) *

0.73 (0.68–0.77) *

1.08 (1.04–1.13) *

0.94 (0.90–0.98) *

0.84 (0.80–0.89) *

0.84 (0.79–0.89) *

0.74 (0.65–0.85) *

Higher education

Reference category

Marital Status

Never married

Reference category

 Currently married or cohabitating

0.91 (0.81–1.02)

1.21 (1.15–1.27) *

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

0.89 (0.87–0.92) *

1.67 (1.59–1.75) *

1.75 (1.66–1.84) *

1.61 (1.45–1.80) *

 Widowed or separated

0.82 (0.66–1.03)

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

1.06 (1.02–1.10) *

1.03 (0.98–1.08)

1.67 (1.56–1.79) *

1.84 (1.72–1.96) *

2.48 (2.15–2.85) *

Occupation/labour market position/status

Student

Reference category

 Self-employed

2.61 (2.16–3.16) *

2.01 (1.85–2.19) *

1.04 (1.01–1.07) *

0.62 (0.60–0.64) *

2.16 (1.98–2.35) *

2.04 (1.87–2.22) *

2.88 (2.40–3.46) *

 Employed

2.42 (1.94–3.01) *

2.28 (2.08–2.50) *

0.97 (0.93–1.02)

0.81 (0.77–0.85) *

2.11 (1.92–2.32) *

2.15 (1.96–2.36) *

2.57 (2.08–3.17) *

 Homemaker

0.34 (0.25–0.46) *

1.28 (1.16–1.41) *

1.04 (1.01–1.08) *

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

2.32 (2.13–2.53) *

2.56 (2.35–2.78) *

2.23 (1.84–2.71) *

 Retired

1.62 (1.09–2.40) *

1.52 (1.28–1.80) *

1.02 (0.94–1.98)

1.11 (1.06–1.17) *

2.21 (1.95–2.51) *

2.13 (1.86–2.43) *

5.58 (4.44–7.02) *

 Unemployed

1.33 (0.82–2.14)

1.22 (0.98–1.52)

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

1.10 (1.04–1.17) *

1.90 (1.62–2.22) *

2.08 (1.79–2.41) *

2.75 (1.98–3.82) *

  1. *Significant Results: P value < 0.05; PR Prevalence Ratio
  2. aValues in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals (CI)
  3. bRaised blood pressure was defined as having blood pressure > 130/85 mmHg or taking an antihypertensive drug
  4. cParticipants with a body mass index ≥25 were classified as being overweight or obese