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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies. Descending order according to study type and study period

From: A systematic literature review of reported challenges in health care delivery to migrants and refugees in high-income countries - the 3C model

Study period

Country

code

N participants

Details and focus of the study

C1

C2

C3

Other topics

First author & Reference

Cross-sectional studies

 2012–2015

US

363

Acceptance of mental health services in relation to age, gender, and country of origin

0

1

0

Ballard-Kang [13]

 2013–2014

US

40

Refugees’ satisfaction with home health services visits

0

1

0

Home visits

Miner [14]

 2008–2014

IT

151,311

Access to preventive health in national health surveys of Belgium, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain

0

0

0

Context

Rosano [15]

 2001–2013

US

370

Analysis on initiation of antenatal care for migrant women who gave birth

1

1

1

Initiation visits

Kentoffio [16]

 2008

US

810

Use of preventive medicine by Somali patients at US health facility

1

1

1

Morrison [17]

 2005

UK

1611

Questionnaire survey of patients at an accident and emergency centre in London

1

1

0

Hargreaves [18]

 2004

NL

580

Mental health service uptake of Turkish/Moroccan migrants and Dutch in NL

1

0

1

Fassaert [19]

 2002

US

304

Impact of health counselling and health services on functional health outcomes of Sudanese youth arrived by Unaccompanied Refugee Minors Program

1

1

0

Geltman [20]

 2001–2002

AU

199

East African children attending an immigrant health clinic for the first time

1

1

1

Cooke [21]

 ns

US

70

Trauma related psychiatric symptoms in Bosnian refugees

0

0

1

Weine [22]

 2011

CA

113

Language barriers in mental health; practitioners self-report survey in Montreal

1

1

1

Brisset [23]

 2011

CA

41

Primary care practitioners performing modified Delphi consensus process on innovative strategies improving primary health care delivery to vulnerable populations

1

1

1

Pottie [24]

Qualitative studies

 2015–2016

CA

6

Interviews with health care providers about telemedicine for migrant health care delivery

1

1

1

Telemedicine

Sandre [25]

 2012–2013

AU

64

Interviews/focus groups with Afghan parents who had recently had a child and health professionals on quality of care

1

1

1

Time, legal status

Yelland [26] [27]

 2012–2013

AU

16

Evaluation of Australian mental health services from the perspective of young people with refugee background

1

1

1

Valibhoi [28]

 2012

US

39

Focus groups with refugees from Iraq, Eritrea, Somalia, Bhutan on US health care

1

1

1

Context

Worabo [29]

 2012

US & MX

33

Interviews on sexual health with indigenous women and nurses in migrant-sending and migrant-receiving communities

1

1

1

Gender

Espinoza [30]

 2012

AU

87

Focus groups with mothers from refugee and migrant backgrounds on maternal and child health services

1

1

1

Riggs [31]

 2010–2011

AU

115

Focus groups and key informant interviews with service providers experienced in young refugee’s mental health in Melbourne

1

1

1

Colucci [32]``

 2010–2011

CA

15

Interviews with young mental health patients, caregivers and clinicians on quality of care

1

1

1

Collaboration

Nadeau [33]

 2009–2010

UK

16

Interviews with NGO workers at HIV clinic on access to health services

0

1

0

Whyte [34]

 2010

US & MX

15

Interviews with female patients and key informants in Mexico and California on access to and quality of sexual and reproductive health services

1

1

1

Context, gender

Deeb-Sossa [35]

 2008–2009

UK

40

Interviews with adolescent refugees investigating school as convenient location for mental health services

0

1

1

Stigma, Collaboration

Fazel [36]

 2005–2008

CA

47

Focus groups with Immigrants, refugees, non-status patients living with HIV/AIDS

1

1

1

Social events

Chen [37]

 2005–2006

AU

34

Chinese mental health patients and providers on barriers to mental health care

1

0

1

Blignault [38]

 2004–2006

AU

38

Focus groups and interviews with informants, providing health services to Afghans

1

0

1

Omeri [39]

 ns

US

28

Interviews with Slavic emigres and key informants on chronic health conditions

1

1

1

Context

Van Son [40]

 ns

UK

6

Interviews with Kurdish interpreters in UK

1

0

0

Green [41]

 ns

US

20

Interviews with migrant farmworkers on health beliefs regarding their children

1

1

1

Context

Newton [42]

Good practice reports

 2017

AU

na

Characteristics to be collected in medical records to improve health care for migrants

1

0

0

Data collection

Yelland [43]

 1987–2016

AU

na

Individualized mental health clinic

1

1

1

Holistic approach

Kaplan [44]

 2010

AU

na

Narrative medicine in refugee mental health

1

1

1

Benson [45]

Expert opinions

 2016

CA

na

Description of migrant health care delivery in Canada

1

1

1

Context

Rahman [46]

 2009

IT

na

Expert analysis of reason for results of Swedish cohort study on psychotropic substance use

0

1

1

Nose [47]

 2002

AU

na

Problems refugees face in accessing effective health care; ways in which health services can respond

1

1

1

Lamb [48]

TOTAL

29

28

28

  
  1. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; C1: Communication; C2: Continuity of Care; C3: Confidence; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; na; not applicable; N: number
  2. NGO: Non-governmental organisation