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Table 3 Adjusted associations of secondhand smoke exposure with psychological symptoms using multiple imputation in the SCHEDULE study in China

From: The association between exposure to secondhand smoke and psychological symptoms among Chinese children

 

Secondhand smoke exposure

None

< 1 h/daily

1–2 h/daily

≥3 h/daily

Reference

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Model 1

 Total SDQ score

1

1.60 (1.38 to 1.86)

2.44 (2.02 to 2.96)

2.75 (2.20 to 3.43)

 Emotional symptoms

1

1.49 (1.26 to 1.76)

1.98 (1.59 to 2.48)

2.16 (1.66 to 2.81)

 Conduct problems

1

1.46 (1.24 to 1.72)

2.03 (1.64 to 2.52)

2.20 (1.71 to 2.83)

 Hyperactivity-inattention

1

1.37 (1.22 to 1.53)

1.79 (1.53 to 2.09)

2.14 (1.79 to 2.57)

 Peer relationship problems

1

1.46 (1.33 to 1.61)

1.70 (1.48 to 1.94)

1.52 (1.29 to 1.80)

 Prosocial behaviors

1

1.17 (0.99 to 1.38)

1.34 (1.06 to 1.68)

1.46 (1.11 to 1.91)

Model 2

 Total SDQ score

1

1.42 (1.22 to 1.66)

2.14 (1.76 to 2.62)

2.53 (2.01 to 3.18)

 Emotional symptoms

1

1.38 (1.16 to 1.64)

1.84 (1.46 to 2.31)

2.05 (1.57 to 2.68)

 Conduct problems

1

1.36 (1.15 to 1.61)

1.88 (1.50 to 2.34)

2.09 (1.61 to 2.70)

 Hyperactivity-inattention

1

1.24 (1.10 to 1.39)

1.58 (1.35 to 1.86)

1.98 (1.65 to 2.38)

 Peer relationship problems

1

1.25 (1.13 to 1.38)

1.41 (1.23 to 1.63)

1.36 (1.14 to 1.61)

 Prosocial behaviors

1

1.06 (0.90 to 1.26)

1.14 (0.89 to 1.44)

1.37 (1.03 to 1.82)

  1. Model 1 adjusted for sex, age at measurement;
  2. Model 2 additionally adjusted for parents’ education, household income, mode of birth, place of birth and BMI z-score (relative to the 2007 World Health Organization growth reference)